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Semantics

Semantics. The proposition and truth conditions. Ambiguity Entailment Denotation Intension Extension Linguistic relativity. Ambiguity. S. S. NP. VP. NP. VP. N. V. P. N. N. V. P. N. Prostitutes Appeal to Pope. Doing. Experiencing. Prostitutes Appeal to Pope.

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Semantics

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  1. Semantics • The proposition and truth conditions. • Ambiguity • Entailment • Denotation • Intension • Extension • Linguistic relativity English 306A; Harris

  2. Ambiguity English 306A; Harris

  3. English 306A; Harris

  4. S S NP VP NP VP N V P N N V P N Prostitutes Appeal to Pope Doing Experiencing Prostitutes Appeal to Pope Prostitutes Appeal to Pope Agent Patient Patient Experiencer Polysemy:appeal 1. be attractive to 2. make (attractive) argument to English 306A; Harris

  5. S S NP VP NP VP Adj N V P N N V P N Farmer Bill Dies in House Farmer Bill Dies in House Farmer Bill Dies in House Happening Happening • Homonymy:Bill, bill • Polysemy:die; house (House) Location Patient Patient Location English 306A; Harris

  6. Iraqui Head Sells Arms S Doing NP VP A N V N Iraqui Head Sells Arms Patient Agent Polysemy:head1. Top of body appendage2. Top of state person Polysemy:arms1. Lateral appendages2. Weapons English 306A; Harris

  7. British Left Waffles on Fauklands S S Doing Doing NP VP NP VP V P N N N V N P N British Left Waffles … British Left Waffles … Patient Agent Agent Polysemy:waffles1. Food stuff with lots of holes2. Be indecisive Homonymy:left English 306A; Harris

  8. Drunken Drivers Paid $1000! Transferring (Happening) Transferring (Doing) S S NP VP NP VP A N V N A N V N Drunken Drivers Paid $1000 Drunken Drivers Paid $1000 Patient Patient Patient Agent Source Goal Semantic roles:drivers, Agents vs. Patients English 306A; Harris

  9. Deer Kills 17,000! S S Being Doing NP VP NP VP N N (V) N N V N Deer Kills (equal) 17,000 Deer Kills 17,000 Patient Essive Patient Agent Polysemy:killcause to be not alivecause to be not viable English 306A; Harris

  10. Kids Make Nutritious Snacks S Doing S Being NP NP VP VP N V A N N V A N Kids Make Nutritious Snacks Kids Make Nutritious Snacks Patient Patient Essive Agent Polysemy:make1. Fashion into 2. Be English 306A; Harris

  11. Hospital Sued by Seven Foot Doctors S S Happening Happening NP NP VP VP N V P A N N V P A N … by Seven Foot Doctors … by Seven Foot Doctors Agent Agent hospital:Patient hospital:Patient English 306A; Harris

  12. Sentences & Propositions • The cat is on the mat. • On the mat, is the cat. • On the mat is where the cat is. • It is the case that the cat is on the mat. • Circumstances are thus: the cat is on the mat. • Die Katze ist auf der Matte. • Le chat est sur la natte. • El gato está en la estera. • x(Cx) & y(My) & xyO English 306A; Harris

  13. Sentences, meaning, truth • The cat is on the mat. • On the mat, is the cat. • On the mat is where the cat is. • It is the case that the cat is on the mat. • Circumstances are thus: the cat is on the mat. • Die Katze ist auf der Matte. • Le chat est sur la natte. • El gato está en la estera. • x(Cx) & y(My) & xyO English 306A; Harris

  14. Truth conditions • The cat is on the mat. There exists a cat. There exists a mat. The cat is located on the mat.    True English 306A; Harris

  15. Truth conditions • The cat is on the mat. There exists a cat. There exists a mat. The cat is located on the mat.    False English 306A; Harris

  16. Entailment • X entails Y • A relation between sentences (X, Y), such that if sentence X is true, sentence Y must be true. • (Conversely, it is impossible for Y to be false and X be true.) English 306A; Harris

  17. Entailment • X = I saw Maggie at the rave. • Y’s = There was a rave. Maggie was there. I saw Maggie. I have eyes. There was light at the rave. … English 306A; Harris

  18. Entailment • X = I saw Maggie at the rave. • Y’s = The rave was on Tuesday. The rave was in Mr. Burns’ rec room. Maggie is Homer’s daughter. Raves are so cool. Raves are so nineties. … English 306A; Harris

  19. Mutual entailment • X entails Y, Y entails X. • X’s and Y’s = I saw Maggie at the rave. Maggie, I saw at the rave. It was Maggie I saw at the rave. Maggie was seen by me at the rave. English 306A; Harris

  20. Lexical meaningDenotation • Set membership. • The entities, actions, or qualities in the world picked out by words or phrases. English 306A; Harris

  21. Lexical meaningDenotation • Word World • Intension (sense) • Extension (reference) Queer! English 306A; Harris

  22. Lexical meaningDenotation English 306A; Harris

  23. Lexical meaningDenotation *Except for the summer of 05 when the fatcats were fighting off-ice. English 306A; Harris

  24. Lexical meaningConnotation • Experiential implications • The feelings, attitudes, moods, implied by a term or phrase Queer! English 306A; Harris

  25. Lexical meaningConnotation • Gay • Homosexual • Queer • Homo • Faggot • Bugger • Punk • Gunsel • Catamite Denotation Queer! Attitude English 306A; Harris

  26. Lexical meaningConnotation • Registers, jargons, slangs, argots, capitalize heavily on connotation--on the speaker and/or hearer’s stance toward a meaning, and toward each other, how they feel about the meaning and each other. Queer! English 306A; Harris

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