Anatomy & Injuries to the Abdomen & Thorax

1. Anatomy & Injuries to the Abdomen & Thorax Sports Medicine Spain park High School

2. Anatomy • Abdominal cavity • Borders • Diaphragm superiorly • Pelvis inferiorly • Spine posteriorly • Abdominal wall anteriorly

3. Anatomy • Divided into 4 quadrants • Line runs through navel at midline of body • UL • UR • LL • LR

4. Anatomy--Quadrants • UL • Stomach • Part of liver & Pancreas • Left kidney • Spleen • Parts of large & small intestine

5. Anatomy--Quadrants • UR • Liver • Part of pancreas • Right kidney • Gall bladder • Parts of large & small intestine

6. Anatomy--Quadrants • LL • Parts of Lg & Sm intestines • Part of bladder • Uterus-females • Left ovary-females • Prostate- males • Ureter-male

7. Anatomy--Quadrants • LR • Parts of Lg & Sm intestines • Appendix • Part of bladder • Uterus-female • Right ovary-female • Prostate-male • Ureter-male

10. Anatomy • Organs are part of: • Urinary system • Kidneys, bladder • Digestive system • Stomach, liver, pancreas, gall bladder, large & small intestine, spleen • Reproductive system • Uterus, ovaries, prostate, seminal vesicles

11. Anatomy • Solid organs • More often & easily injured • Can cause rapid death due to large blood supply—internal bleeding • Spleen, liver, kidney, pancreas • Hollow organs • Injuries are rare because tubes are hollow—assist in transporting substances from one organ to another

12. Digestive organs • Digestion begins in mouth • Stomach • Secretes gastric juices that assist in breaking down food before entering small intestine • Liver • Detoxifies chemicals that the body perceives as poisonous, stores vitamins, produces bile, assists with food metabolism • Gall bladder • Storage tank for bile, which passes into sm intestine where it assists in metabolism of fat

13. Digestive Organs • Pancreas • Produces insulin and enzymes for digestion • Small intestine • Completes digestion, absorbed the products into circulatory system. Peristalsis (sequential contraction/relaxation of intestinal muscle) pushes the food through the intestines to the large intestine. At this point all material that has not been absorbed is considered waste. • Large intestine • All materials not absorbed into the system in sm intestine is passed into large intestine as waste. Water is absorbed leaving solid waste for excretion

14. Digestive organs • Appendix • Part of large intestine • No known function • Spleen • Produces & destroys red blood cells • Storage site for blood • Aids in destruction of harmful microorganisms

15. Urinary system • Kidneys • Responsible for maintaining acid-base in body, which if changed causes body system to shut down eventually resulting in death • Filter blood and remove waste products of metabolism to maintain stable acid-base relationship • If blood supply is inadequate, can cause hypertension from chemical constriction of body’s blood vessels • Bladder • Holding tank for liquid waste in body

16. Reproductive system • Females • Ovaries • Produces eggs and estrogen (stimulates development of & maintains feminine characteristics) • Uterus • Fertilized eggs develop here • Males • seminal vesicles • Prostate gland • Responsible for adding fluid & nutrients to seminal fluid

17. Anatomy • Pelvis • Provides bony base and protection for internal organs • Wider in females to accommodate childbirth • Abdominal muscles • Provides protection for organs • Rectus abdominus gives “washboard” affect; attaches to pelvis & lower ribs & sternum—trunk flexion • Obliques (external & internal) attaches to lateral aspect of lower ribs & runs diagonally to pelvis—flexion and rotation • Transverse abdominus—holds internal organs in cavity

18. Pelvis

19. Muscles

21. Anatomy of thorax Part of body between neck & abdomen Contains heart & lungs

22. Anatomy Throat Carotid arteries One on each side of trachea Carry oxygenated blood to brain Jugular veins One on each side of trachea Carry unoxygenated blood away from brain

23. Anatomy Larynx Modified upper part of trachea Contains vocal chords Trachea Made up of circular rings of cartilage Main trunk of system of tubes by which air passes to & from lungs for exchange of CO2 and O2 Esophagus Passageway for food going from the mouth to the stomach Sits in front of the cervical vertebrae and behind the trachea & larynx

24. Anatomy of thorax Bony structures Thoracic vertebrae posterior 12 ribs on each side Sternum anterior Protects organs of thorax

25. Anatomy Heart Size of fist Pumps blood to all parts of body Divided into 4 chambers Right & left atrium Upper chambers Right & left ventricle Lower chambers Larger with thicker walls

26. Heart Pumps blood to lungs and throughout body Right atrium fills w/ blood from vein Carries waste products and CO2 Right ventricle receives blood from atrium (through tricuspid valve) Pulmonary arteries carry UNOXYGENATED blood to lungs

27. Heart Blood is mixed with O2 in the lungs OXYGENATED blood is carried back to heart by the pulmonary veins Goes into the left atrium Flows to the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve Is pumped to the rest of the body through the aorta

28. Heart • Main branches (arteries) off the aorta • Ascending and descending aortas • Carotid • Subclavian • Axillary • Brachial • Radial & ulnar • Common iliac • Femoral • Anterior & Posterior Tibial

34. Veins • Run parallel with the arteries • Superior vena cava • Inferior vena cava • Two extra in arm • Cephalic • basilic • Two extra in leg • Greater saphenous • Lesser saphenous

37. Lungs • Right has 3 lobes • Left has 2 lobes • Function: • to exchange O2 and CO2 • To dissipate heat from the body

38. Trachea divides into two bronchi • Bronchi are filled with cilia • Hair like projections that help remove foreign substances like dust & pollen • Bronchi divide into bronchioles • Bronchioles end in alveoli • Alveoli are air containing cells of the lungs • O2 and CO2 are exchanged here • Coughing & sneezing help keep trachea and bronchi clear & remove phlegm and allergy-causing agents from lungs

39. Respiration rate • Lung function & breathing rate controlled by CO2 receptors • If there is too much CO2, inhalation occurs to bring in more O2 • Exercise increases cell metabolism • Causes cells to need more O2 and eliminate more CO2

40. Respiration Rate With exercise lungs’ ability to exchange air more efficiently increases Breaths become deeper & more forceful Return to normal breathing quicker

41. Pleura • Thin lubricated tissue • Lines each half of thorax • Folded back over the surface of the lung on same side • Allow for smooth movement of lungs as they encounter the wall of ribs during inhalation & exhalation

43. Lungs

44. Lungs

45. Muscular Anatomy Intercostal muscles sit between ribs Internal and external intercostals Aid in inhalation and exhalation

46. Intercostal muscles

47. Intercostals

48. Abdominal & Thoracic Injuries • Injuries are rare • Solid organs most often injured • Life threatening

49. Abdominal Strains Rectus abdominus most often injured Potentially can be incapacitating Mxn: sudden twisting of trunk or reaching overhead S/S: pain with movements of the trunk, POT over affected muscle, tightness of muscles TX: ice, compression, gentle stretching, no exercise until ROM is pain free

50. Abdominal contusions Not common but most likely to occur in collision sports Mxn: direct blow to abdomen, compressive force to abdominal wall S/S: pain, tightness, hematoma formation under the fascial tissue surrounding muscle Tx: ice, compression, look for signs of internal injury, no activity until pain free