Section III Challenges to the Profession

1. Section IIIChallenges to the Profession Chapter 10 Terrorism and Homeland Security

2. Terrorism Defined • No single definition of terrorism is universally accepted. • The Terrorism Research Center defines terrorism as • “The use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion or ransom” • Most definitions of terrorism include the systematic use of physical violence, either actual or threatened, against noncombatants to create a climate of fear and cause some religious, political or social change.

3. Three Elements of Terrorism • It is criminal in nature. • Targets are typically symbolic. • The terrorist actions are always aggressive and often violent.

4. Asymmetric Warfare A weaker group strikes at a superior group by attacking where the stronger adversary least expects to be hit. Causes great psychological shock Gives power to the powerless Destroys the stronger adversary’s ability to use its conventional weapons

5. Classification of Terrorist Acts • The FBI categorizes terrorism in the United States as either international or domestic terrorism. • International Terrorists • Foreign state sponsors • Formalized terrorist groups • Loosely affiliated international extremists • Homegrown terrorists • Domestic Terrorists • White supremacists and Black supremacists • Militia groups • Right-wing and left-wing extremists • Pro-life extremists • Animal rights and environmental extremists

6. Motivations for Terrorism • Most terrorist acts result from • Dissatisfaction with a religious, political or social system or policy and frustration resulting from an inability to change it through acceptable, nonviolent means • Motivations for terrorism include: • Producing widespread fear • Attracting the attention of the media • Weakening or embarrassing the government • Sealing or extorting money and weapons • Destroying or disrupting lines of communication

7. The Evolution of Terrorist Ideology • This ideological transformation (radicalization) can occur through • Direct contact with terrorists within the U.S. or abroad • Contact with other radicals via the Internet • Undergoing a process of self-radicalization • Law enforcement has to understand the process that leads a person from being sympathetic to extremist rhetoric to one who is willing to engage in suicide bombing.

8. Methods Used by Terrorists • Arson • Explosives • Bombs • Weapons of mass destruction • Biological • Chemical • Nuclear • Technology • Kidnapping • Hostage-taking • Murder

9. The U.S. Response to 9/11 Detect Prepare Prevent Protect Respond Recover

10. The Department of Homeland Security 1. Increase overall preparedness, particularly for catastrophic events. 2. Create better transportation security systems to move people and cargo more securely and efficiently. 3. Strengthen border security and interior enforcement and reform immigration processes. 4. Enhance information sharing with our partners. 5. Improve DHS financial management, human resource development, procurement and information technology. 6. Realign the DHS organization to maximize mission performance.

11. The USA PATRIOT Act Allowing investigators to use the tools already available to investigate organized crime and drug trafficking. Facilitating information sharing and cooperation among government agencies so they can better “connect the dots.” Updating the law to reflect new technologies and new threats. Increasing the penalties for those who commit or support terrorist crimes.

12. Increased Border Security To enhance the security of citizens and visitors To facilitate legitimate travel and trade To ensure the integrity of our immigration system

13. The National Incident Management System (NIMS) A comprehensive, nationwide, systematic approach to incident management A set of preparedness concepts and principles for all hazards Essential principles for a common operating picture and interoperability of communications and information management. Standardized resource management procedures that enable coordination among different jurisdictions or organizations. Scalable A dynamic system that promotes ongoing management and maintenance.

14. Keys to Combating Terrorism Intelligence that the local police can provide to federal authorities. How readily that information is shared between agencies at different levels The interoperability of communications systems should an attack occur

15. Local Police and Homeland Security Knowing the enemy, what to look for and being vigilant Completing suspicious activity reports (SARs) and sharing information Taking all possible steps to prevent a terrorist attack Preparing themselves, the department and their community for an attack, should one occur, through education and training Responding to an attack Investigating the attack

16. Local Law’s Critical Role Knowing the enemy and being vigilant—prevention Preparation—the agency and the community Practicing the response Assessing risk and identifying potential terrorist targets Being proactive and forming partnerships

17. How Terrorists Fund Attacks Charitable groups and wealthy Arabs sympathetic to the group’s cause Collaborations with organized criminal groups to deal drugs, arms and in some cases, humans Smuggling stolen goods and contraband Forging documents Profits from the diamond trade Extortion and protection rackets

18. Terrorists as Criminals Most terrorists are first timers. Terrorists seek wide-scale damage; criminals seek gain.

19. Concerns Related to the War on Terrorism Civil liberties may be jeopardized. People of Middle Eastern descent may be discriminated against or become victims of hate crimes.

20. Preventing Racial Profiling Increase communication. Develop person-to-person contacts. Create a community liaison position to work with the Arab American community. Recruit more Arab Americans into law enforcement.

21. Dual Challenges in Combating Violence Facing Law Enforcement Countering terrorism While continuing to address crime and disorder

22. Study anyone? Know the Patriot Act Pg. 396 Know the elements of Terrorism PP. 381-382 Know the types of Terrorism Know the motives of Terrorism Know the difference between soft and hard targets