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6.7 Glycolysis

6.7 Glycolysis. Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate A single molecule of glucose is “cut in half” by enzymes through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate. In the process, two molecules of NAD + are reduced to two molecules of NADH

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6.7 Glycolysis

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  1. 6.7 Glycolysis • Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate • A single molecule of glucose is “cut in half” by enzymes through a series of steps to produce two molecules of pyruvate. • In the process, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to two molecules of NADH • At the same time, two molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation

  2. 6.7 Glycolysis • In substrate-level phosphorylation, an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP… forming ATP • This ATP can be used immediately, but NADH must be transported to the electron transport chain to generate additional ATP

  3. 6.7 Glycolysis • MOST of the energy from Glucose is still in the pyruvate, and therefore pyruvate will move to the citric acid cycle to be further broken down.

  4. Glucose 2 ADP 2 NAD+ + 2 P 2 NADH ATP 2 + H+ 2 2 Pyruvate

  5. Enzyme Enzyme P ADP + ATP P P Substrate Product

  6. ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE Glucose ATP Steps – A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP. Step 1 3 1 ADP Glucose-6-phosphate P 2 P Fructose-6-phosphate ATP 3 ADP P P Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

  7. ENERGY INVESTMENT PHASE Glucose ATP Steps – A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP. Step 1 3 1 ADP Glucose-6-phosphate P 2 P Fructose-6-phosphate ATP 3 ADP P P Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate Step A six-carbon intermediate splits Into two three-carbon intermediates. 4 4 P P Glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate (G3P)

  8. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) P P NAD+ NAD+ 5 5 Step A redox reaction generates NADH. 5 ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE P P NADH NADH  H+  H+ P P P P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate

  9. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) P P NAD+ NAD+ 5 5 Step A redox reaction generates NADH. 5 ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE P P NADH NADH  H+  H+ P P P P 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate ADP ADP 6 6 ATP ATP P P 3-Phosphoglycerate 7 7 Steps – ATP and pyruvate are produced. 6 9 P P 2-Phosphoglycerate 8 8 H2O H2O P P Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) ADP ADP 9 9 ATP ATP Pyruvate

  10. 6.8 Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle • The pyruvate formed in glycolysis is transported to the mitochondria, where it is prepared for entry into the citric acid cycle • The first step is removal of a carboxyl group that forms CO2 • The second is oxidization of the two-carbon compound remaining • Finally, coenzyme A binds to the two-carbon fragment forming acetyl coenzyme A

  11.  H+ NAD+ NADH 2 CoA Acetyl coenzyme A Pyruvate 1 3 CO2 Coenzyme A

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