EEC-484/584 Computer Networks

1. EEC-484/584Computer Networks Lecture 10 Wenbing Zhao wenbingz@gmail.com (Part of the slides are based on Drs. Kurose & Ross’s slides for their Computer Networking book)

2. Outline Distance vector routing Hierarchical routing Internet protocol Header Fragmentation EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

3. Distance Vector Routing Also called Bellman-Ford or Ford-Fulkerson Each router maintains a table, giving best known distance to each destination and which line to use to get there Table is updated by exchanging info with neighbors Table contains one entry for each router in network with Preferred outgoing line to that destination Estimate of time or distance to that destination Once every T msec, router sends to each neighbor a list of estimated delays to each destination and receives same from those neighbors EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

4. Distance Vector Routing:How each entry is updated A d(A,Y) Y At router A, for Z Compute d(A,X) + d(X,Z) and d(A,Y) + d(Y,Z), take minimum d(Y,Z) d(A,X) Z X d(X,Z) d(A,Z) = min {d(A,v) + d(v,Z) } where min is taken over all neighbors v of A EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

5. cost to x y z x 0 2 7 y from ∞ ∞ ∞ z ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 1 7 z x y d(x,z) = min{d(x,y) + d(y,z), d(x,z) + d(z,z)} = min{2+1 , 7+0} = 3 d(x,y) = min{d(x,y) + d(y,y), d(x,z) + d(z,y)} = min{2+0 , 7+1} = 2 node x table cost to x y z x 0 2 3 y from 2 0 1 z 7 1 0 node y table cost to x y z x ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 0 1 y from z ∞ ∞ ∞ • Each node keeps track of the following info: • Its own distance vector: least-cost to each of other routers • Each of its neighbor’s distance vector received most recently • If there is a change in distance vector, a node sends the update to all its neighbors node z table cost to x y z x ∞ ∞ ∞ y from ∞ ∞ ∞ z 7 1 0 time EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

6. cost to x y z x 0 2 7 y from ∞ ∞ ∞ z ∞ ∞ ∞ 2 1 7 z x y d(x,z) = min{d(x,y) + d(y,z), d(x,z) + d(z,z)} = min{2+1 , 7+0} = 3 d(x,y) = min{d(x,y) + d(y,y), d(x,z) + d(z,y)} = min{2+0 , 7+1} = 2 node x table cost to cost to x y z x y z x 0 2 3 x 0 2 3 y from 2 0 1 y from 2 0 1 z 7 1 0 z 3 1 0 node y table cost to cost to cost to x y z x y z x y z x ∞ ∞ x 0 2 7 ∞ 2 0 1 x 0 2 3 y y from 2 0 1 y from from 2 0 1 z z ∞ ∞ ∞ 7 1 0 z 3 1 0 node z table cost to cost to cost to x y z x y z x y z x 0 2 7 x 0 2 3 x ∞ ∞ ∞ y y 2 0 1 from from y 2 0 1 from ∞ ∞ ∞ z z z 3 1 0 3 1 0 7 1 0 time EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

7. Distance Vector Routing Distance from A to B 12ms, to C 25ms, to D 40ms, to G 18ms Distance from J to A 8ms, to I 10ms, to H 12ms, to K 6ms Distance from J to A to G 8+18 = 26msto I to G 10+31 = 41ms to H to G 12+6=18ms to K to G 6+31=37ms EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

8. Distance Vector Routing Good news travels fast Bad news travels slow Count to infinity problem: Takes too long to converge upon router failure × Routers’ knowledge about the cost to A EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

9. Hierarchical Routing Problem: Bigger network => bigger routing table As network size increases, more router memory used to store routing table, more time to process routing tables, more bandwidth to transmit states reports Use hierarchical structure to solve the problem Regions: router knows details of how to route packets within its region, does not know internals of other regions Clusters of regions, zones of clusters, groups of zones Tradeoff: savings in memory space may result in longer path EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

10. Hierarchical Routing Optimal number of levels for N routers is lnN, with elnN routing table entries per router EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

11. Collection of Subnetworks The Internet is an interconnected collection of many networks, or Autonomous Systems (ASes) EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

12. The Network Layer in Internet Host, router network layer functions: • ICMP protocol • error reporting • router “signaling” • IP protocol • addressing conventions • datagram format • packet handling conventions • Routing protocols • path selection • RIP, OSPF, BGP forwarding table Transport layer: TCP, UDP Network layer Link layer physical layer EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

13. IP Datagram Format IP protocol version number 32 bits total datagram length (bytes) header length (bytes) Total length type of service IHL ver for fragmentation/ reassembly fragment offset “type” of data flgs 16-bit identifier max number remaining hops (decremented at each router) time to live header checksum protocol 32 bit source IP address 32 bit destination IP address upper layer protocol to deliver payload to E.g. timestamp, record route taken, specify list of routers to visit. Options (if any) • How much overhead with TCP? • 20 bytes of TCP • 20 bytes of IP • = 40 bytes + app layer overhead data (variable length, typically a TCP or UDP segment) EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

14. The IPv4 Header Version – 4 IHL – length of header in 32-bit words Min 5, max 15 – i.e., 60 bytes Type of service - to distinguish different classes of service To accommodate differentiated services (which class this packet belongs to) Total length – header and data  65,535 (216-1) bytes Identification – allows destination to determine which datagram a fragment belongs to EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

15. The IPv4 Header Time to live – counter to limit packet lifetimes Max lifetime 255sec Packet is destroyed when counter becomes 0 Protocol – which transport layer protocols being used Header checksum – verifies header EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

16. The IPv4 Header Options – security, error reporting, etc. Some of the IP options EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

17. IP Fragmentation Fragmentation Flags DF – tells routers “Don’t Fragment” MF – More Fragments. All fragments except last have this set. Used as check against total length Fragment offset – where in datagram this fragment belongs All fragments (payload in the IP packet) except last must be multiples of 8 bytes The number of 8 byte blocks is called Number of Fragment Blocks (NFB) The unit of the offset is NFB EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

18. IP Fragmentation & Reassembly Network links have MTU (max.transfer size) - largest possible link-level frame. different link types, different MTUs Large IP datagram divided (“fragmented”) within net one datagram becomes several datagrams “reassembled” only at final destination IP header bits used to identify, order related fragments fragmentation: in: one large datagram out: 3 smaller datagrams reassembly EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

19. IP Fragmentation and Reassembly length =1040 length =4000 length =1500 length =1500 ID =x ID =x ID =x ID =x MF =0 MF =0 MF =1 MF =1 offset =370 offset =185 offset =0 offset =0 • Example • 4000 byte datagram • MTU = 1500 bytes One large datagram becomes several smaller datagrams 1480 bytes in data field offset = 1480/8 Fragment should be as large as possible EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

20. Distance Vector Routing: Exercise Consider the subnet shown below. Distance vector routing is used, and the following vectors have just come in to router C: from B: (5, 0, 8, 12, 6, 2); from D: (16, 12, 6, 0, 9, 10); and from E: (7, 6, 3, 9, 0, 4). The measured delays to B, D, and E, are 6, 3, and 5, respectively. What is C's new routing table? Give both the outgoing line to use and the expected delay. EEC-484/584: Computer Networks

21. Exercise: IP Fragmentation Suppose that host A is connected to a router R 1, R 1 is connected to another router, R 2, and R 2 is connected to host B. Suppose that a TCP message that contains 900 bytes of data and 20 bytes of TCP header is passed to the IP code at host A for delivery to B. Show the Total length, Identification, DF, MF, and Fragment offset fields of the IP header in each packet transmitted over the three links. Assume that link A-R1 can support a maximum frame size of 1024 bytes including a 14-byte frame header, link R1-R2 can support a maximum frame size of 512 bytes, including an 8-byte frame header, and link R2-B can support a maximum frame size of 512 bytes including a 12-byte frame header. EEC-484/584: Computer Networks