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CHAPTER 14

CHAPTER 14. BLOOD. www.cesnur.org. TISSUE TYPE ? CONNECTIVE FUNCTIONS ? TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN CELLS AND ENVIRONMENT/HOMEOSTASIS FORMED ELEMENTS: CELLS, PLATELETS LIQUID: PLASMA 8% BODY WT; 5 LITERS. HEMATOCRIT. en.wikipedia.org. en.wikipedia.org.

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CHAPTER 14

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  1. CHAPTER 14 BLOOD www.cesnur.org

  2. TISSUE TYPE? • CONNECTIVE • FUNCTIONS? • TRANSPORTATION BETWEEN CELLS AND ENVIRONMENT/HOMEOSTASIS • FORMED ELEMENTS: CELLS, PLATELETS • LIQUID: PLASMA • 8% BODY WT; 5 LITERS

  3. HEMATOCRIT en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org 45% RBC; 1% WBC & PLATELETS; 55% PLASMA

  4. BLOOD CELL FORMATION users.rcn.com HEMATAPOIETIC STEM CELLS/HEMOCYTOBLASTS HEMATAPOIETIC GROWTH FACTORS

  5. RED BLOOD CELL FORMATION • MULTIPOTENT STEM CELLS • COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS (CYTOKINES AND/OR HORMONES) • ERYTHROPOIETIN (EPO) • THROMBOPOIETIN (TPO) • INTERLEUKIN-7 (IL-7) • GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (GM-CSF) • GRANULOCYTE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR (G-CSF) • INTERLEUKIN-5 (IL-5) • INTERLEUKIN-3 • MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR (M-CSF)

  6. RED BLOOD CELLS image.bloodline.net

  7. RBC CHARACTERISTICS • 7.5 µm DIAMETER • BICONCAVE ? • HEMOGLOBIN ?? • 1/3 OF TOTAL VOLUME • OXYHEMOGLOBIN = BRIGHT RED ?? • DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN = DARKER RED • NO NUCLEUS ?? • NO RNA ?? • NO REPLICATION ?? • ENERGY FROM GLYCOLYSIS ONLY ??

  8. RED BLOOD CELL www.bsip.com MALE: 4.6 – 6.2 MILLION/MICROLITER FEMALE: 4.2 – 5.4 MILLION/MICROLITER CHILD: 4.5 – 5.1 MILLION/MICROLITER INCREASE OR DECREASE AFFECTS OXYGEN CARRYING CAPACITY OF BLOOD

  9. RED BLOOD CELL www.revisionbuster.com

  10. RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION • VITAMIN B12 AND FOLIC ACID • DNA SYNTHESIS • VITAMIN B12 DEFICIENCY: PARIETAL CELLS (STOMACH) NOT PRODUCING INTRINSIC FACTOR (GIF); CAN’T ABSORB VITAMIN B12 IN SMALL INTESTINE • IRON • MOST REUSED WHEN RBC REPROCESSED • SMALL AMOUNT ABSORBED • ANEMIA ??

  11. RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION • FIRST: • YOLK SAC, LIVER, SPLEEN • AFTER BIRTH: • RED BONE MARROW

  12. DESTRUCTION OF RBCs • DAMAGED RBC RUPTURE IN LIVER OR SPLEEN • MACROPHAGES DESTROY DAMAGED RBC • HEMOGLOBINHEMEBILIVERDINBILIRUBIN: EXCRETED WITH BILIVERDIN AS BILE SALTS • IRON BINDS TO TRANSFERRIN  HEMATOPOIETIC TISSUE HEMOGLOBIN • 80% STORED AS FERRITIN IN LIVER • GLOBIN  AMINO ACIDS  METABOLIZED BY MACROPHAGES OR SENT TO BLOOD STREAM

  13. NEUTROPHIL bioweb.uwlax.edu

  14. LYMPHOCYTE bioweb.uwlax.edu

  15. MONOCYTE bioweb.uwlax.edu

  16. EOSINOPHIL bioweb.uwlax.edu

  17. BASOPHIL bioweb.uwlax.edu

  18. DENDRITIC CELL /www.cdaarthritis.com

  19. DENDRITIC CELL focus.hms.harvard.edu

  20. WHITE BLOOD CELLS • GRANULOCYTES: GRANULAR CYTOPLASM • NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS • AGRANULOCYTES • MONOCYTES, LYMPHOCYTES

  21. WHITE BLOOD CELLS • NEUTROPHILS: • FINE GRANULES, OLDER: 2-5 LOBED NUCLEUS (PMNs), YOUNGER: C SHAPED (BANDS), FIRST AT INFECTION, 54-62% OF CIRCULATING WBCs, PHAGOCYTIZE SMALL PARTICLES: BACTERIA, FUNGI, SOME VIRUSES • EOSINOPHILS: • COARSE UNIFROMLY SIZED GRANULES, BILOBED, MODERATE ALLERGIC REACTIONS, ATTACK PARASITIC WORMS, 1-3% OF WBCs

  22. BASOPHILS: • SIMILAR TO EOSINOPHILS (SIZE AND NUCLEI SHAPE) , FEW, IRREGULARLY SHAPED GRANULES, RELEASE HISTAMINE ? AND HEPARIN?

  23. AGRANULOCYTES • MONOCYTES: • LARGEST, NUCLEI MANY SHAPES, CAN BECOME MACROPHAGES IN TISSUE, CONSUME: BACTERIA, DEAD CELLS AND DEBRIES, 3-9%; LIVE WEEKS TO MONTHS • LYMPHOCYTES: • SMALLEST WBC, LARGE ROUND NUCLEUS, T AND B CELLS; T: DIRECTLY ATTACK CELLS: BACTERIA, TUMOR, TRANSPLANTS; B CELLS: ANTIBODIES

  24. DENDRITIC CELLS • PRESENT IN SURFACE TISSUES (SKIN); ACTIVATED AND GO TO LYMPH NODES TO STIMULATE T AND B CELLS; SIGNAL PHAGOCYTES;

  25. DIFF www.maexamhelp.com

  26. DIAPEDESIS www.mybloodyourblood.org

  27. HISTAMINE en.wikipedia.org

  28. CHEMOTAXIS • http://www.cellsalive.com/qtmovs/chemotx_mov.htm

  29. CHEMOTAXIS www.whfreeman.com

  30. WHITE BLOOD CELL COUNTS • 4.5 – 10 THOUSAND PER MICROLITER • LEUKOCYTOSIS • MORE THAN 10,000 • ACUTE INFECTION; VIGOROUS EXERCISE; EMOTIONAL DISTRESS; BODY FLUID LOSS; • LEUKOPENIA • LESS THAN 4,500 • TYPHOID FEVER; FLU; MEASLES; MUMPS; CHICKENPOX; AIDS; POLIOMYELITUS; ANEMIA; LEAD, ARSENIC, MERCURY POISONING DIFF

  31. MEGAKARYOCYTES www.academic.marist.edu

  32. PLATLETS • FORM FROM ?? • FORM PLATLETS WHEN FRAGMENTS TRAVEL THROUGH LUNGS • SMALL PACKETS OF CYTOPLASM/ ½ SIZE OF RBC • LIVE 10 DAYS; AMEBOID MEVEMENT • 130,000 – 160,000 PER MICROLITER • STICK TO BROKEN SURFACES FOR REPAIR • RELEASE SEROTONIN TO CONTRACT SMOOTH MUSCLE

  33. PLATELETS www.psbc.org www.psbc.org

  34. PLASMA • CLEAR, STRAW COLORED • ~92% H2O; AND NUTRIENTS; GASES; VITAMINS; • HELP REGULATE FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE AND Ph; HOMEOSTASIS ALBUMEN GLOBULIN www.friedli.com www.ssi.dk

  35. PLASMA PROTEINS • MOST ABUNDANT DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES IN PLASMA • ALBUMIN • 60%/WEIGHT BUT SMALLEST • SYNTHESIZED IN LIVER • IMPORTANT FOR OSMOTIC PRESSURE ?? • COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE • REGULATE WATER COMPOSITION  CONTROLS BLOOD VOLUME  AFFECTS BLOOD PRESSURE • ALSO ACT AS CARRIERS: BIND THINGS LIKE HORMONES, BILLIVERDIN, FATTY ACIDS,

  36. GLOBULINS • 36% • ALPH AND BETA GLOBULINS SYNTHESIZED BY LIVER • TRANSPORT LIPIDS, FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS • GAMMA PRODUCED BY LYMPHATIC TISSUE • ANTIBODIES • FIBRINOGEN • 4% • BLOOD CLOTTING

  37. GASES AND NUTRIENTS • BLOOD GASES ?? • OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NITROGEN • PLASMA NUTRIENTS • AMINO ACIDS, SIMPLE SUGARS, NUCLEOTIDES, LIPIDS FROM SMALL INTESTINE • LIPIDS: TRIGLYCERIDES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, CHOLESTEROL/ WATER SOLUBLE ???? • MUST BE CARRIED BY PLASMA PROTEINS

  38. NONPROTEIN NITROGENOUS SUBSTANCES (NPNs) • AMINO ACIDS, UREA, URIC ACID, CREATINE, CREATININE • PRODUCED BY ?? • PROTEIN CATABOLISM OR ABSORPTION OF AMINO ACIDS • PROTEIN CATABOLISM • NUCLEIC ACID CATABOLISM • CREATINE METABOLISM FORMS CREATININE GENERALLY PROTEIN INTAKE AND EXCRETION OF NITROGENOUS WASTES IS EQUAL UNLESS KIDEYS ARE NOT WORKING CORRECTLY

  39. PLASMA ELECTROLYTES • ELECTROLYTES BECOME IONS WHEN DISSOLVED IN H2O • ABSORBED BY INTESTINES OR FORMED DURING METABOLISM • SODIUM, POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM, CHLORIDE, BICARBONATE, PHOSPHATE, SULFATE IONS • SODIUM AND CHLORIDE ARE MOST ABUNDANT • BICARBONATE: MAINTIANING OSMOTIC PRESSURE, AND PLAMSA pH

  40. HEMOSTASIS • STOPPAGE OF BLEEDING • BY: • BLOOD VESSEL SPASM • PLATLET PLUG • CLOTTING /image.bloodline.net

  41. BLOOD VESSEL SPASM • VASOSPASM: SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTS WHY? • REFLEX A FEW SECONDS, DIRECT STIMULTATION LASTS 30 MIN • PLATELETS RELEASE SEROTONIN WHICH AGMENTS THIS REACTION

  42. PLATELET PLUG • PLATELETS ATTACH TO COLLAGEN EXPOSED UNDER EPITHELIAL LINING • COLLAGEN CAUSES THE PRODUCTION OF MANY TINY SPINOUS PROCESSES ON PLATELETS SO STICK TOGETHER TO FORM A PLUG • ONLY WORKS ON SMALLER BLOOD VESSEL BREAKS

  43. BLOOD COAGULATION/CLOT • WOUND = EXTRINSIC FACTORS • FOREIGN SURFACE (PLASTIC) = INTRINSIC FACTORS • CASCADE: A SERIES OF REACTIONS THAT ALL STIMULATE THE NEXT REACTION. • DEPENDS ON AMOUNT OF PROCOAGULANTS AND ANTICOAGULANTS • USUALLY MORE ANTICOAGULANTS

  44. EXTRINSIC CLOTTING MECHANISM • WOUND: RELEASES TISSUE THROMOPLASTIN (FACTOR III) • WHICH EVENTUALLY CONVERTS THROMBOPLASTIN USING CALCIUM AND FORMING PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR • PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR CHANGES PROTHROMBIN (ALPHA GLOBULIN) TO THROMBIN

  45. THROMBIN CHANGES FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN • FIBRIN STICKS TO DAMAGED SURFACES, TRAPS CELLS AND PLATELETS = CLOT • POSITIVE FEEDBACK ??? • GENERALLY BLOOD ONLY COAGULATES WHERE IT IS STILL OR SLOW • BLOOD NORMALLY CARRIES THROMBIN AWAY KEEPING ITS CONCENTRATION TOO LOW FOR COAGULATION AND ANTITHROMBININ BLOOD AND ON VESSEL WALLS KEEPS THROMBIN FROM FORMING

  46. INTRINSIC FACTOR • WHEN EXPOSED TO COLLAGEN OR GLASS IT STIMULATES HAGEMAN FACTOR (FACTOR XII); ACTIVATES FACTOR XI; ACTIVATES FACTOR IX; ALONG WITH FACTOR VIII AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS ACTIVATES FACTOR X • FACTOR X PLUS CALCIUM IONS PRODUCES PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR • THEN LIKE EXTRINSIC FACTOR

  47. BLOOD CLOTS FATE • DRIES AND SHRINKS PULLING EDGES IN • PLATELETS RELEASE PLATELET-DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR (PDGF) STIMULATE FIBROBLASTS AND SMOOTH MUSCLE TO REPAIR DAMAGE • FIBROBLASTS PRODUCE CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBERS TO STRENGTHEN CLOT • PLASMINOGEN PICKED UP BY FIBERS • PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR FROM LYSOSOMES CAUSES PLASMINOGEN TO BECOME PLASMIN WHICH IS AN ENZYME THAT DIGESTS FIBRIN

  48. THROMBOSSIS: • ABNORMALLY FORMED BLOOD CLOT • EMBOLUS: • A CLOT THAT BREAKS FREE • EMBOLISM: • A BLOCKAGE DUE TO AN EMBOLUS • ATHEROSCLEROSIS: • ACCUMULATION OF FATS ALONG BLOOD VESSEL WALLS ??

  49. PREVENTION OF CLOTS • SMOOTH ENDOTHELIUM • ENDOTHELIAL CELLS SECRETE A PROSTAGLANDIN: PROSTACYCLIN • PREVENTS PLATELETS FROM STICKING • THROMBIN ABSORBED BY FIBRIN THREADS SO IT CAN’T SPREAD • ANTITHROMBIN: ALPHA GLOBULIN • BINDS THROMBIN AND PREVENTS ACTION ON FIBRINOGEN • HEPARIN FROM: • MAST CELLS AND BASOPHILS (ESPECIALLY LIVER AND LUNGS) ?? • INTERFERES WITH PROTHROMBIN ACTIVATOR PRODUCTION

  50. CLOTTING www.evowiki.org

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