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Chapter 17. Notes and Discussion. The Age of Exploration Led by Portugal and Spain. 1400-1750. Exploration…Why Now? Six Major Reasons. The Renaissance Spirit An increasing competition among European monarchs to be the “super nation”. 3. Riches in Spices, Silk and Porcelain
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Chapter 17 Notes and Discussion
Exploration…Why Now? Six Major Reasons • The Renaissance Spirit • An increasing competition among European monarchs to be the “super nation”
3. Riches in Spices, Silk and Porcelain • 4. Europeans wanted to find direct access to Asia & India • Cut out Muslim & Italian middlemen • Need to bypass Mediterranean
An astrolabe 5. New Navigation Technology • Better Maps • -More durable maps made of sheep skin • 2. The compass made it to Europe by the 1200s, from where? • 3. The astrolabe measured latitude using angles of sun and stars on the horizon; not accurate in rough seas The compass came from China
The Caravel Developed by the Portuguese but a combination of Arab and European sail design. -Triangle-shaped sails enabled ships to sail against wind. -Multiple masts (upright pole)increased speed.
The UltimateReasons to Explore…. 6. The Three G’s(political) Glory(economic) Gold(religious) GodThe conquistadors, or the conquerors emerge for all three reasons.
Who’s Land Was It? • 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas • Spain to control west territories; Portugal to control east territories.9 (Europe not included)
Prince Henry the Navigator • Devoted his life to promoting and financing exploration • His greatest contributions • 1418 started the first school for oceanic navigation • Sailors were trained in navigation, map-making, and astronomy • Diaz and da Gama
First to reach the southern tip of Africa Discovered the Cape of Good Hope. Bartholomeu Dias 1487
Vasco da Gama • In 1497 led four ships on an expedition to India. • First to sail around Africa and reach India
Describe the interactions of Portuguese with West African and East African people in 1550 • West African Kingdoms • The existence and continued operations of the Portuguese could be halted if Africans so desired • Christianity • Some African kingdoms rejected missionaries and Christianity, while others embraced them (Ethiopia) • East Africa • Muslims controlled most of the trading ports except Malindi and Ethiopia so they were received with cool reception resulting in trade as well as conflicts ( Portugal eventually took control of many ports along the Swahili coast)
Portugal dominates the Indian Ocean trade in the 16th century • Looked towards Indian Ocean trade • Portuguese power was ocean-based and exerted very little control on land. Thus, the maritime trading cities and empires of the Indian Ocean were much more vulnerable • Controlling many of the key trading ports in the Swahili coast, India, and Macao (China) brought considerable profit
Spain : Land Based EmpireWhy? • Spain and Portugal had similar motives and identical ships and weapons • What happened? • Isolation of the Americans made the motives different • American lands much were easier to dominate than Asian and African lands • Resorted to conquest and plunger rather than trade
Christopher Columbus: • Born in Genoa, Italy • In 1492, Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand financed an expedition for Columbus to find a new route to India heading west. • Their reason: the “Three G’s” • Carried a letter to the Grand Khan (Chinese emperor)
First Circumnavigator of the Globe Ferdinand Magellan • Sponsored by Spain in 1519, the Portuguese explorer set out to find a western route to India • Charted a narrow waterway named Strait of Magellan which enabled sailors to cross the Pacific Ocean. • 1521 died in the Philippines • 18 sailors complete the mission back to Spain
English ExplorersJohn Cabot - 1497 • Sent by King Henry VII • His discovery gives England the claim to most of Eastern North America!
The Eve of Destruction • In 1492 anthropologists estimate there were about 75 million Native Americans in the Western Hemisphere; 25 million in Mexico • By 1650 there are less than 10 million in the hemisphere; 1 million in Mexico! • What happened?
Cortes Treated as a God… • Arrived in 1519 with 11 ships, 500+ men and a few cannons • Taught to be the arrival of the great god Quetzalcoatl • 8 months of peace • Cortes formed an alliance with those enslaved tribes who hate their Aztec • It took two years for Cortes to conqueror the empire.
The Rest of the Story… • Indians forced to work on Spanish farms and mines. • Thousands died from over work, lack of food and disease; (small pox) • forced to convert to Christianity
Conquest of Peru • In 1531, Pizarro sailed from Panama city with about 180 men. • The Spaniards find the Inca’s trying to recover from civil war. • Had he come early he would have met a united empire. • Pizzaro uses the Inca’s own roads to get to them. They have 14,000 miles of road!
Reasons for Victory… • Superior military technologies: armor, steel swords, fire arms, cannons • Division & Discontent among the Indians. • Disease brought by the Europeans • Spanish imposed forced labor and religious conversion to control their empire
global exploration of the Chinese and Muslims before 1450? • Ming • sponsored 7 imperial fleets (1405-1433) • Mainly used to display Ming dominion and power • Used over 60 large treasure ships • 1433 the Chinese quickly abandoned maritime expansion in favor of their land-based empire • Not very profitable • Muslim • the Muslims extended their reach from the Islamic Mediterranean to the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean. • Traders shared a common ethic, language, and law • Provided a demand for commodities
