理工英语

1. 理工英语

2. 2 3 1 4 ; ; Module 4 English for Food Science and Engineering In this module, you will understand the impact of food and food safety on our health; know some effective ways of preserving food; identify and discuss different food culture; learn and practice the composition about charts.

3. Passage A Passage B Extra Reading Section One Practical Reading

4. Section One Practical Reading Warm-up: Look at the contents descriptions on Kinder’s chocolate bar wrapper and answer the questions below. FILLED MILK CHOCOLATE WITH A RICH MILKY CENTRE Ingredients: Milk chocolate (40%) (sugar, milk powder, cocoa butter, cocoa mass, emulsifier: soy, flavoring: vanillin), sugar, skimmed milk powder, vegetable fat, anhydrous milk fat, emulsifier: soy, flavoring: vanillin. Total milk constituents: 33%, total cocoa solids: 13%. ALLERGEN INFORMATION: contains milk, soy. Nutrition Facts: Serv. Size: 3 bars, Amount per serving: Calories 210, Fat cal. 120, Total Fat 13g (20% DV), Sat. Fat 9g (42% DV), Trans Fat 0g, Cholest. 10mg, Sodium 45mg, Total carb. 21g, Fiber less than 1g, Sugars 20g, Protein 3g, Vitamin A (4% DV), Vitamin C (2% DV), Calcium (12%), Iron (2% DV) Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calories diet.

5. Section One Practical Reading • Q1. Exactly how much real chocolate is in there? • Q2. What benefits can we get from the chocolate product? • Q3. Can you find any trans fat content in this product? • Q4. There are contradictory sayings about eating chocolate. For example, eating chocolate makes you fat and gives you spots, chocolate contains the essential minerals iron and magnesium. What advice will you give to chocolate eaters?

6. Section One Passage A The Truth of Packaging Claims • A lot of science and engineering go into making the packages that protect, preserve and promote the foods, beverages and other products we buy. But some lawsuits filed against Kraft Foods in the recent years over advertising claims could clarify how far companies can go when boasting about their products for promotion. • In 2010 Kraft Foods was prosecuted for claiming certain products are healthy when in fact they contain unhealthy trans fat. The complaint in the case argued that these claims were a violation of California’s Unfair Competition Law, Consumer Legal Remedies Act, and False Advertising Law.Kraft denied any wrongdoing, saying all packaging claims are true and legal.

7. Section One Passage A • For example, Vegetable Thins are “made with real vegetables”. Similar uses of label phrases such as “whole wheat” and “good source of calcium, iron & zinc to support kids’ growth and development” help people to think of the food as better and may make them buy stuff they would otherwise not. Kraft was accused of misleading consumers by false advertising because these packaging claims imply a health benefit that the products do not contain, based on the artificial trans fat content and other unhealthy ingredients found in many of Kraft’s products. But Kraft emphasized that the challenged claims were technically true.

8. Section One Passage A • Arguing about the meaning of packaging claims, Kraft declared some claims are not factual statements that can be proven true or false. Promotional statements that are too subjective and too vague to prove or disprove are called puffery and are not actionable under the law. Kraft argues that “wholesome choice” and “sensible snacking” are all puffery and therefore cannot be found misleading or deceitful. • This lawsuit is not the first time Kraft has been criticized for the trans fat in their products. In 2003, a California lawyer made national headlines by suing Kraft for using trans fat in Oreo cookies. Kraft Foods soon announced a trans-fat free reformulation of Oreos, saying that the reformulation had been in planning long before the lawsuit, and the lawsuit was dropped.

9. Section One Passage A • Another case filed by Sara Lee Corp. in 2009 accused Kraft Foods of breaking False Advertising Law by claiming its Oscar Mayer frankfurters, superimposed giant hot dogs, are made with “100 percent pure beef”. Consumers might take the label as meaning that the one and only ingredient was beef, which is false and deceptive. Kraft argued the 100 percent beef tag was never intended to suggest there weren’t other ingredients — like water, salt and various spices. It was only meant to convey that the meat that was used was all beef.

10. Listening &Repeating • lawsuit n. 诉讼（尤指非刑事案件）；诉讼案件 • clarify v.澄清；阐明 • boast n./ v. 夸口；自吹自擂 • prosecute v.检举；起诉 • violation n.违反 • ingredient n. 配料，成分 • subjective a. 主观的 • vague a.含糊的，不明确的 • disprove v. 反驳，证明…是虚假的 • puffery n. 吹捧；夸大的广告 • wholesome a.有益健康的 • snack n./ v. （吃）零食，（吃）快餐 • deceitful a.欺骗的；欺诈的 • reformulation n.再形成；重新配制 • drop n.下降；中断，停止

11. Listening &Repeating • frankfurter n. 牛肉香肠 • superimpose v.添加；重叠（on/ upon） • deceptive a.欺诈的；虚伪的 • spice n.香料，调味品 • convey v. 传达，表达；传送；运输 • trans fat 反式脂肪 • file a lawsuit against sb. 对某人提起诉讼 • packaging claims 包装说明 • sue sb. for …… 控告，起诉某人…… • be in planning 在规划/策划中 • be meant to 打算，有意要

12. Listening &Repeating • California’s Unfair Competition Law (UCL) 加利福尼亚州的非公平竞争法； • Consumer Legal Remedies Act (CLRA) 消费者法律赔偿法案; • False Advertising Law (FAL) 虚假广告法 • Oreo cookies 奥利奥饼干，由Kraft Foods食品公司生产； • Oscar Mayer frankfurters Oscar Mayer牌牛肉热狗肠，由Kraft Foods食品公司生产

13. Notes • 1. In 2012, the former Kraft Foods Inc. split the company into two companies with Mondelēz International focusing on the global snacks business while Kraft Foods Group focusing on the North American foods business. Now Kraft Foods Group is an American multinational confectionery, food and beverage conglomerate. It markets many brands in more than 170 countries. 2012年原卡夫食品公司拆分为卡夫北美食品杂货公司（Kraft Foods Group）及全球零食公司（Mondelēz International），分别管理北美地区市场，以及欧洲及发展中国家市场。“Mondelēz International”这个名字的诞生，受到了分别来自欧洲和北美的两名卡夫员工的创意启发。 “Mondelēz”（发音为mohn-dah-LEEZ）是一个全新创造的词汇，寓意为“美味世界”。“Monde”是拉丁语“世界”的意思，而“delēz”是英语“美味(delicious)”一词的美妙表达。公司名称中的“International”一词则涵盖了未来零食公司的全球化特色。

14. Notes • 2. The “dog-eat-dog” competition involving Sara Lee Corp., another large hot dog maker of US, which makes Ball Park frankfurters and Kraft Foods Inc., which makes Oscar Mayer frankfurters, has lasted for years. In the series of lawsuits both fought against each other with accusation of breaking FAL and the consequent damage to the other’s sales. 莎莉(Sara Lee)是许多冷冻包装食物的品牌，也是美国生产热狗的另一大商家。卡夫与莎莉两家公司的竞争持续多年。在一系列的官司中双方互相指控对方违反了虚假广告法，因而打击了己方的销售量。2011年初莎莉公司已宣布将拆分为the Hillshire Brands和D.E Master Blenders 1753两家公司。

15. Notes • 3. But some lawsuits filed against Kraft Foods in the recent years over advertising claims could clarify how far companies can go when boasting about their products for promotion. • 但近几年来的一些对卡夫食品公司广告辞的诉讼案可以表明各公司在吹捧自家产品以便促销时会做到什么地步。 • 此句是个复合句。主语是lawsuits，后面跟了一个过去分词引导的后置定语；谓语clarify的宾语是由how引导的从句，同时在这个宾语从句中有一个由when引导的时间状语从句。

16. Notes • 4. Similar uses of label phrases such as “whole wheat” and “good source of calcium, iron & zinc to support kids’ growth and development” help people to think of the food as better and may make them buy stuff they would otherwise not. • “全麦”和“富含促进孩子成长和发育的钙、铁和锌”等类似的标签说明使得人们对该食品评价过高，因而购买了他们本不会选择的产品。 • 此句有两个并列谓语。一是help people to think of the food as better，二是may make them buy stuff they would otherwise not。单词stuff 后面跟了一个定语从句they would otherwise not，其中因同前一谓语重复而省略了buy，副词otherwise的意思是if not (=if there is no such phrases as “whole wheat”, etc.)。

17. Notes • 5. Kraft was accused of misleading consumers by false advertising because these packaging claims imply a health benefit that the products do not contain, based on the artificial trans fat content and other unhealthy ingredients found in many of Kraft’s products. • 卡夫公司被指控通过虚假广告误导消费者，因为这些包装上的说明暗示了产品有益健康，但产品却并不包含这种好处，依据是在许多卡夫产品中发现了含有人造反式脂肪和其它不健康的配料成份。 • 主句两个修饰成分，一是由because引导的原因状语从句，二是逗号后面based on分词短语，作方式状语，表示指控的依据。

18. Section One Passage B • An Invention on Food Storage • Throughout history scientific concepts and various technologies have been _1___ to help preserve food, and thus improve food safety. The principles underlying methods of preservation can be adopted to create simple and economic ways for food storage. Here is a story from VOA Special English Development Report. applied

19. Section One Passage B • Microorganisms are found throughout the natural environment. The microbes, such as bacteria which are most common to food, cause food decay through ingestion of food. The key to ___2___ is to restrict the proliferation and activity of food rotting and food poisoning microbes. A few degrees can make a big difference when it comes to food storage. Foods can go bad if they get too warm. Freezing is an effective way to kill some of the microbes and the remaining that survive ___3 • will not proliferate during frozen storage. food safety freezing

20. Section One Passage B • But for many of the world’s poor, finding a good way to keep food cool is difficult. Refrigerators are costly and they need electricity. Yet spoiled food not only creates health risks but also 4_. Farmers lose money when they have to throw away products that they cannot sell quickly. • But in nineteen ninety-five a teacher in northern Nigeria named Mohammed Bah Abba found a solution. He developed the “Pot-in-Pot Preservation/Cooling System.” It uses two round containers made of clay. A smaller pot is placed inside a larger one. • The space between the two pots is filled with wet sand. The inner pot can be filled with fruit, vegetables or drinks. A wet cloth covers the whole cooling system. economic losses

21. Section One Passage B • Food stored in the smaller pot is kept from ___5__ through a simple evaporation process. Water in the sand between the two pots 6___ through the surface of the larger pot, where drier outside air is moving. spoiling evaporates

22. Section One Passage B drop • The evaporation process creates a 7___ in temperature of several degrees. This cools the inner pot and helps to keep food safe from harmful bacteria by reducing 8Some foods can be kept fresh this way for several weeks. • People throughout Nigeria began using the invention. And it became popular with farmers in other African countries. Mohammed Bah Abba personally financed the first five thousand pot-in-pot systems for his own community and five villages nearby. microbial growth

23. Section One Passage B • In two thousand, the Rolex Watch Company of Switzerland 9 him with the Rolex Award for Enterprise. This 10 recognizes people trying to develop projects aimed at improving human knowledge and well-being. The award is presented every two years by a committee considering projects in five fields, which are science and health, applied technology, exploration and discovery, the environment and cultural heritage. The next one is to be given in 2014. The winners，who are called Laureates, will receive financial assistance to help develop and extend their projects. The Laureates are of all ages, nationalities and backgrounds. But they are united by one defining characteristic — a spirit of enterprise, that has enabled them to realize their dreams. honor award

24. Listening &Repeating • principle n. 原理 • underlie v. 成为······的基础；位于之下 • preservation n. 保存，保留 • preserve v./ n.保存；腌；保护（区）；禁猎（区） • microorganism n.微生物 • microbe n. 微生物 • decay v./n.（使）腐烂；（使）衰退 • ingestion n. 摄取；吸收 • proliferation n. 繁殖；扩散 • rot v./n.（使）腐烂；（使）腐败；（使）堕落 • proliferate v. （使）繁殖；（使）扩散 • cool v.使······冷却，使······平静 • spoil v.腐败；溺爱 • loss n. 亏损；减少 • clay n. 粘土，泥土

25. Listening &Repeating • evaporation n.蒸发；消失 • evaporate v. 蒸发；消失 • microbial a. 微生物的 • finance v.提供······经费；筹措资金 /n. 金融 • enterprise n.企业；事业；事业心；进取心 • well-being n.幸福；健康 • define v.使明确；定义 • laureate n./ a.获奖者；杰出的，带桂冠的 • VOA 美国之音广播节目(Voice of America) • Nigeria 尼日利亚联邦共和国(Federal Republic of Nigeria)，西非国家，首都阿布贾(Abuja) • Mohammed Bah Abba 穆罕默德·巴·阿贝 • Rolex Watch Company 劳力士钟表公司 • Switzerland 瑞士

26. Notes • 1.The Rolex Award for Enterprise 劳力士“雄才伟略大奖” • The Rolex Awards for Enterprise were set up in 1976 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Oyster chronometer （精密计时器）, the world’s first waterproof watch. Rolex has honored extraordinary individuals who possess the courage and conviction to take on major challenges. Each Rolex Award for Enterprise is given for a new or ongoing project anywhere in the world – one that deserves support for its capacity to improve lives, or protect the world’s natural and cultural heritage. These projects have touched all aspects of humanity by expanding knowledge or improving life on the planet. • 为纪念世界首个防水表Oyster计时器而创立于1976年。劳力士“雄才伟略大奖”是表彰具有承担重大挑战的勇气和信念的杰出个人。劳力士“雄才伟略大奖”面向全球任何新开发或进行中的项目—能够改善生活，或保护世界自然文化遗产的值得支持的项目。它们涉及人类生活的各个方面，扩展了人类知识，改善了地球上的生活。

27. Notes • 2.The key to food safety is to restrict the proliferation and activity of food rotting and food poisoning microbes. • 保证食品安全的关键就是限制会导致食物变质有毒的微生物的繁殖和活性 • 句中的of引导的后置定语修饰前面的两个名词proliferation和activity，of结构中的microbes是中心词，food rotting和food poisoning是动名词作定语。 • 3.Freezing is an effective way to kill some of the microbes and the remaining that survive freezing will not proliferate during frozen storage. • 冷冻方法能有效杀死部分微生物，并使幸存下来的其它微生物在冷冻期间无法繁殖。 • 此句有两个并列分句。第二句主语the remaining后面省略同前重复的名词microbes，紧接着是that survive freezing这个定语从句。

28. Notes • 4.This award recognizes people trying to develop projects aimed at improving human knowledge and well-being. • 该奖项是表彰致力于为改善人类知识和生活而努力研发新项目的人士。 • 此句两次出现后置定语现象。第一个是主动的现在分词短trying to develop projects修饰people，第二个是被动的过去分词短语aimed at improving human knowledge and well-being修饰projects。

29. Section One Extra Reading • Tea • Of the three major beverages of the world — tea, coffee and cocoa — tea is consumed by the largest number of people. • China is the homeland of tea. It is believed human cultivation of tea plants, Camellia sinensis, dates back over 2000 years ago. At present more than 40 countries in the world grow tea with Asian countries producing 90% of the world’s total output. All tea trees in other countries have their origin directly or indirectly in China. Tea is rich in various vitamins and contains tannic acid and alkaloid (mainly caffeine). The habit of tea drinking spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not introduced to Europe and America until the 17th and 18th centuries. The number of tea drinkers in the world is still on the increase.

30. Section One Extra Reading • The Categories of Tea • Chinese tea may be classified into six major categories according to the different methods by which it is produced. • Green Tea is the variety which keeps the original color of the tea leaves through fixation without fermentation during processing. • White Tea is quite similar to green tea in its processing, but withering instead of fixation before rolling and drying is the most important step.

31. Section One Extra Reading • Black Tea, known as “Red Tea” in Chinese, is the category which is fermented before baking; it is a later variety developed on the basis of the green tea. • Wulong Tea represents a variety halfway between the green and the black teas, being made after partial fermentation. • Compressed Tea is the kind of tea which is compressed and hardened into a certain shape. It is good for transport and storage. • Scented Tea is a kind of tea made by mixing fragrant flowers in the tea leaves in the course of processing. The flowers commonly used for this purpose include jasmine and magnolia.

32. Section One Extra Reading • Tea Production • A new tea plant must grow for five years before its leaves can be picked and, at 30 years of age, it will be too old to be productive. The trunk of the old plant must then be cut off to force new stems to grow out of roots in the coming year. By repeated rehabilitations in this way, a plant may serve for about 100 years. • For the fertilization of tea gardens, organic manure rather than chemical fertilizers are generally used. When pests are discovered, the affected plants have to be removed to prevent their spread, and to avoid the use of pesticides.

33. Section One Extra Reading • The season of tea-picking depends on local climate and varies from area to area. On the shore of the West Lake in Hangzhou, where the famous green tea Longjing (Dragon Well) comes from, picking starts from the end of March and lasts through October, altogether 20-30 times from the same plants at intervals of seven to ten days. The best Longjing tea is gathered several days before Qingming (Pure Brightness, 5th solar term) when new twigs have just begun to grow and carry “one leaf and a bud”. • For the Processes of grinding, parching, rolling, shaping and drying, which used to be conducted manually but now has been largely mechanized, various machines have been developed and built, turning out about 100 kilograms of finished tea an hour and relieving the workers from much of their drudgery.

34. Listening &Repeating • cultivation n.栽培；种植；耕种 • output n. 产量；出产 • vitamin n. 维生素 • alkaloid n.生物碱 • caffeine n.咖啡因 • fixation n.杀青 • fermentation n. 发酵 • ferment v.（使）发酵；酝酿 • wither v. 凋萎 • partial a. 局部的；偏爱的 • compress v.压缩；精简 • scent n. 气味；香味

35. Listening &Repeating • fragrant a.芳香的 • jasmine n.茉莉花 • magnolia n. 玉兰 • stem n.茎，干 • rehabilitation n.修复；康复 • fertilization n. 施肥 • manure n. 有机肥；vt. 施肥 • fertilizer n. 化肥 • pest n. 害虫；有害之物；讨厌的人 • pesticide n.杀虫剂 • interval n.间隔；间距；幕间休息 • twig n. 嫩枝；末梢 • bud n./ n.芽；蓓蕾；（使）发芽

36. Listening &Repeating • grind v./n. 磨；磨碎；折磨 • parch v. 烘烤 • mechanize v. 使机械化 • drudgery n. 苦差事 • ………………………………………………………………… • tannic acid 鞣酸；单宁酸 • cut off 剪掉；砍掉 • Camellia sinensis (拉)野茶树 • solar term 节气（指二十四时节和气候，是中国古代订立的一种用来指导农事的补充历法） • “one leaf and a bud” “一叶一芽”(茶叶采摘的一种讲究) • finished tea 茶叶成品

37. Section Two Practical Writing • 1. Useful words & expressions • You could describe charts by using the following words and phrases: • to express upward trend: rise/ increase/ jump/ climb slightly (or: slowly, rapidly, sharply, steeply) • to express downward trend: fall/ decrease/ drop/ decline • to express no change: unchanged/ remain/ remain steady/ level off/ fluctuate • to express the maximum or the minimum: (reach) a peak/ bottom/ low point • There are also some special words for numbers, fractions and percentages: • The number went up by 600, from 1200 to 800. (Number) • The number went up by half, from 1200 to 1800. (Fraction) • The figure went up by 50%, from 1200 to 1800. (Percentage) • The figure in 2010 was three times the 2000 figure. (multiple)

38. Section Two Practical Writing • 2. Useful sentence patterns • The graph shows …… • As is shown in the above table, …… • The most outstanding feature of the graph is ……. • From the above, we can see that …… • In my opinion, there are two major reasons for …… • We can also anticipate that …… in the future. • In summary, ……

39. Section Two Practical Writing - Sample

40. Section Two Practical Writing - Sample

41. Section Two Practical Writing • 4.Task-based writing • Compare the changes of coffee exports in the past two years among the 12 countries as depicted in the following table. Write a composition on the topic of Coffee Exportation within 150 words.

42. Section Three Mini-project • Many of us eat fast food more often than we care to admit, but how much do we know about it and the people who sell it to us? McDonalds' and KFC’s menus are changing amid growing alarm in the fast food industry about nutrition and sales. Try to get more information about people’s responses to the western fast food chains in China by doing a questionnaire survey. Then present what you have found to your classmates.

43. Passage A- Translation • 包装说明的真相 • 许多理工学科都投入产品包装，用于对我们所购买的食品、饮料和其它产品加以保护、保存和促销。但近几年来的一些对卡夫食品公司广告辞的诉讼案可以表明各公司在吹捧自家产品以便促销时会做到什么地步。 • 2010年卡夫食品公司被指控其某些所谓的健康食品中含有不健康的反式脂肪。这起诉讼案指控卡夫公司的广告词违反了加利福尼亚州的非公平竞争法、消费者法律赔偿法案和虚假广告法。 • 卡夫公司否认有任何错误行径，并声称所有包装上的说明都是真实合法的。

44. Passage A- Translation • 例如，Vegetable Thins是用“真正的蔬菜”制成的。“全麦”和“富含促进孩子成长和发育的钙、铁和锌”等类似的标签说明使得人们对该食品评价过高，因而购买了他们本不会选择的产品。卡夫公司被指控通过虚假广告误导消费者，因为这些包装上的说明暗示了产品有益健康，但产品却并不包含这种好处，依据是在许多卡夫产品中发现了含有人造反式脂肪和其它不健康的配料成份。卡夫公司则强调受到质疑的广告词从技术上来讲是真实的。 • 在为其包装说明的含意作辩解时，卡夫公司宣称一些广告词并非纯事实陈述，因而无法证明真伪。促销宣传语被称为吹捧广告，它们因过于主观和含糊而无法加以证明或反对，根据法律也不能对其提出诉讼。卡夫公司辩解说“健康的选择”和“明智的点心”均属吹捧广告，因此不能认作是误导或者欺骗。

45. Passage A- Translation • 本次官司并非卡夫公司第一次遭受产品中含有转移脂肪的指责。2003年加利福尼亚州的一位律师曾因控告卡夫公司在奥里奥饼干中使用了反式脂肪而成为国内报纸的头条新闻。卡夫公司很快宣布了奥利奥的零反式脂肪新配方，并且声称新配方早在该次诉讼案之前就已经在策划中了，该案子于是不了了之。 • 另外，2009年Sara Lee公司指控卡夫公司违反了虚假广告法，因卡夫广告词称其产品Oscar Mayer牛肉香肠，即一种超级叠加巨无霸热狗，采用100%纯牛肉制作。消费者可能会把标签理解成牛肉是该产品唯一的一种成分，而这种标签说明既不真实又带有欺骗性。卡夫公司反驳说，100%纯牛肉的标签说明绝非有意暗示除牛肉外别无其它配料—像水、盐和许多调味剂。它仅仅是要表达产品中的肉全部是采用牛肉。

46. Passage B- Translation • 一项储藏食物的新发明 • 从古至今，人们一直运用科学观念和各种技术来保存食物，提高食品安全。这些储存方式的原理基础也能用以创造简单而经济的食物储藏途径。这是美国之声特别英语节目里的一则发展报道。 • 微生物在自然界中无所不在。微生物，比如食物中最常见的细菌，通过摄取食物而导致食物腐败。保证食品安全的关键就是限制会导致食物变质有毒的微生物的繁殖和活性。说到食物储存，几度温差也会大不一样。如果温度太高，食物就会变质。冷冻方法能有效杀死部分微生物，并使幸存下来的其它微生物在冷冻期间无法繁殖。 • 但是对于世界上的许多穷人来说，要找到一种冷藏食物的好办法还真不容易。冰箱价格昂贵又需用电。然而腐烂的食物不仅造成健康危险，还会造成经济损失。农民不能很快卖掉的食品只好扔掉，因而造成金钱损失。

47. Passage B- Translation • 不过1995年尼日利亚北部的一位名叫穆罕默德·巴·阿贝(Mohammed Bah Abba)的教师找到了解决的办法。他开发了一套“罐中罐储存和冷藏系统”。采用两个圆形的陶制容器，较小的陶罐置于较大的陶罐之中。 • 在两个陶罐之间的空隙装上湿沙子。内罐中可以放水果、蔬菜或饮料。用一块湿布覆盖住整个冷藏系统。 • 通过一个简单的蒸发过程，储存在小陶罐中的食物可以避免腐烂。两个罐子之间的沙子里的水从大罐表面蒸发掉，从而使外面的较为干燥的空气不断流动。 • 这个蒸发过程使温度降低了几度。内罐因而冷却下来，微生物生长减少了，食物就能避免有害细菌的威胁。用这种方法，有些食物可以保鲜几周。

48. Passage B- Translation • 整个尼日利亚的人民都开始使用这项发明，并在非洲其它国家的农民中也普及起来。穆罕默德·巴·阿贝为当地和附近五个村子私人赞助了首批五千个罐中罐冷藏系统。 • 2000年瑞士劳力士钟表公司授予他劳力士“雄才伟略大奖”。该奖项是表彰致力于为改善人类知识和生活而努力研发新项目的人士。该奖项每两年颁发一次，有一个委员会负责考察包括科学与健康，应用技术、探险与发现、环境及文化遗产在内的五个领域的项目。下一届将在2014年颁布。获奖者会得到继续开发和延伸其研究项目的资助。获奖者包括不同年龄、国籍和背景的人士。但他们共同由一个明确的特点汇聚而成—一种使他们得以实现自己梦想的进取精神。

49. Extra Reading- Translation • 茶 • 世界三大饮料—茶、咖啡和可可中—茶的消费者数量最多。 • 中国是茶的故乡。茶树，即野茶树的栽培据认为可以追溯到2000多年以前。目前世界上40多个国家种植茶叶，而亚洲国家的产出占据了世界总产量的90%。其它各国的茶树都直接或间接地源自中国。茶叶富含多种维他命，还含有鞣酸和生物碱（主要是咖啡因）。饮茶的习惯在6世纪时传入日本，却直到17和18世纪才传入欧美。全球饮茶者的人数仍在增长。 • 茶的种类 • 中国的茶叶视其制造工艺不同可以分为六大类。 • 绿茶，在处理时未经发酵，茶叶经杀青保持自然色泽。 • 白茶，与绿茶的制作工艺相似，但在揉捻和干燥之前要经凋萎过程，这也是最重要的一步。

50. Extra Reading- Translation • 红茶，在烘培前先发酵，是一种在绿茶的基础上后发展起来的品种。 • 乌龙茶，是一种介于绿茶和红茶之间的、半发酵的品种。 • 茶饼，是使茶压缩、变硬，形成一定形状，便于运输和储存。 • 花茶，在加工过程中把芬芳的花和茶叶拌在一起。常用于制作花茶的花包括茉莉花和玉兰。