Scots

1. Scots Presentation by Saskia Kneubühl, David Bichsel and Florian Berger

2. Content • “Adress to a Haggis“ and History of Scots • Scots in Literature • Scots today

3. Introduction - Haggis • Haggis • Traditional Scottish Dish http://www.ecosse.de/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/fotohaggis.jpg http://s3.freefoto.com/images/09/35/09_35_5_web.jpg

4. Address to the Haggis • Poem • Written by Robert Burns (1759 – 1796) • Address to the Haggis

5. The History of Scots in Scotland • Scots spoken Today http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/ScotsLanguageMap.png

6. Roots and Relationship • http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/whits.htm

7. History of Scots in Scotland • Anglo-Saxon Period AD 550-1100 • Pre-Scots • Older Scots AD 1100-1700 • Pre-Literary Scots AD 1100-1350 • Difference Scots (non-Gaelic speakers) and Wild Scots (Gaels) • Early Scots AD 1350-1450 • 1362 Scottish speech distinguished from northern and southern English • Early Middle Scots 1450-1550 • Scottish parliament authorises the use of the old and new Testaments in “Scottis” • Late Middle Scots 1550-1700 • 70% Scots Speakers • http://www.scotslanguage.com/library/document/Scots+Timeline+Pre-1700.pdf

8. History of Scots in Scotland • Early Modern Scots 1700-1845 • Provincial dialect –political union with England • 1808 First Scottish language dictionary • Middle Modern Scots 1845-1925 • 1872 Moves towards English-only education • 1925 Children can be taught Scots at home, not in School • Flourish of Scots journalism and writing • Contemporary Scots Since 1925 • 1993 Scots as a minority European language • 1996 30% Scots speakers (1.5 Million) • 2001 Scots officially recognised as language by UK government • http://www.scotslanguage.com/library/document/Scots+Timeline+Post-1700.pdf

9. Roots and Relationship • http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/whits.htm

10. Scots in literature • Scots is rarely used • 15th – 17th century Scots reached its peak • 17th century anglicization increased • 18th century Robert Burns; uses rural dialect

11. Auld Lang Syne http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/PG_1063Burns_Naysmithcrop.jpg

12. Auld Lang Syne Burns` original Scots verse English translation Should old acquaintance be forgot,and never brought to mind ?Should old acquaintance be forgot,and long, long ago ? CHORUS: For long, long ago, my dear,for long, long ago,we'll take a cup of kindness yet,for long, long ago. And surely you’ll buy your pint cup !and surely I’ll buy mine !And we'll take a cup o’ kindness yet, for long, long ago. • Should auld acquaintance be forgot,and never brought to mind ?Should auld acquaintance be forgot,and auld langsyne ? • CHORUS: • For auld langsyne, my jo,for auld langsyne,we’ll tak a cup o’ kindness yet,for auld langsyne. • And surely ye’ll be your pint-stowp !and surely I’ll be mine !And we’ll tak a cup o’ kindness yet, for auld langsyne. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne http://www.scots-online.org/dictionary/search_scots.asp

13. Burns` original Scotsverse • English translation • We twahae run about the braes,and pu’d the gowans fine ;But we’ve wander’dmony a weary fit,sin auld langsyne. • We twahaepaidl’di' the burn,frae morning sun till dine ;But seas between us braid haeroar’dsin auld langsyne. • And there’s a hand, my trusty fiere !and gie's a hand o’ thine !And we’ll tak a right gude-willywaught,for auld langsyne. • We two have run about the slopes/hills,and picked the daisies fine ;But we’ve wandered many a weary foot,since long, long ago. • We two have paddled in the stream,from morning sun till dine;But seas between us broad have roaredsince long, long ago. • And there’s a hand my trusty friend !And give us a hand of yours !And we’ll take a right good-will draught,for long, long ago. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auld_Lang_Syne http://www.scots-online.org/dictionary/search_scots.asp

14. RedgauntletLetter XDarsie Latimer to Alan Fairford I expressed my surprise and pleasure. 'A rant, man—an auld rant,' said Willie; 'naething like the music ye hae in your ballhouses and your playhouses in Edinbro'; but it's weelaneughanes in a way at a dykeside. Here's another—it's no a Scotch tune, but it passes for ane—Oswald made it himsell, I reckon—he has cheated monyane, but he canna cheat Wandering Willie.' He then played your favourite air of Roslin Castle, with a number of beautiful variations, some of which I am certain were almost extempore. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2516/2516-h/2516-h.htm

15. RedgauntletLetter XDarsie Latimer to Alan Fairford I expressed my surprise and pleasure. 'A rant, man—an auld rant,' said Willie; 'naething like the music ye hae in your ballhouses and your playhouses in Edinbro'; but it's weelaneughanes in a way at a dykeside. Here's another—it's no a Scotch tune, but it passes for ane—Oswald made it himsell, I reckon—he has cheated monyane, but he canna cheat Wandering Willie.' He then played your favourite air of Roslin Castle, with a number of beautiful variations, some of which I am certain were almost extempore. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2516/2516-h/2516-h.htm

16. RedgauntletLetter XDarsie Latimer to Alan Fairford • 'The deevil I maunna!' said Willie; 'and what for maunna I?—If he was ten gentles, he canna draw a bow like me, can he?' • 'Indeed I cannot, my honest friend,' said I [Darsie]; 'and if you will go with me to a house hard by, I would be glad to have a night with you.' http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2516/2516-h/2516-h.htm

17. Scots in literature • Scots is rarely used • 15th – 17th century Scots reached its peak • 17th century anglicization increased • 18th century Robert Burns; uses rural dialect • 20th century: literary revival (Hugh MacDiarmid, Sydney Goodsir Smith and Douglas Young)

18. Techniques of innovation • Use of individual words in unfamiliar contexts plunk (playing truant) • Use of obsolete words Scottish national dictionary Knabrie (gentry), nesh (soft, tender), rack (storm-clouds) John Jamieson`s Etymological Dictionary MacDiarmid`s: amplefeyst (sulky humour), eemis (unsteady), whuram (slur or quaver in singing) Douglas Young: braal (fragment), brub (check, restrain), slamber (delicate) Goodsir Smith: blyte (storm-gust), dronach (punishment), larry (farmer) • Outright invention Goodsir Smith: Heaven to hovenum, accumulate to accume Smith: Quietlinswise (peacefully) Young: Flownrie (fragile; flowin, a small quantity of grains or particles) Young: Dounharl (drag down), ice-flume (glacier; flume meaning river) Smith: Granderie (pride), scelartrie (infamy)

19. Effects of the literary revival • Strengthened literary domain • No effect on vocabulary of modern science

20. References Techniques of innovation and effects of the literary revival: McClure, Derrick. 1981. The Synthesisers of Scots. In Einar Haugen, J.Derrick McClure and Derick Thomson (eds.), Minority Languages Today, 91-99. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Aitken, Adam J. 1981. The Good Old Scots Tongue: Does Scots have an Identity?. In Einar Haugen, J.Derrick McClure and Derick Thomson (eds.), Minority Languages Today, 72-90. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

21. Scotstoday • Linguisticissues • Political Problems • Education • AttitudestowardsScots

22. Scotstoday • 1996: GROS estimated 1.5 mio. speakers • 30% of thepopulation • 2011 Census: questionaboutScots

23. Linguisticissues • Scotscloselyrelated to English •  oftenconsidered a dialect of English

24. Linguisticissues “The fact that the Gaelic language, unlike Scots, has benefited fromconsiderable financial support is likely to be justified on the grounds that Gaelic isgenerally recognised to be a distinct language in its own right. No such universalrecognition has been conferred upon the Scots language.” (Jackson & Niven, 2000: 8-9)

25. Linguisticissues • Scotscloselyrelated to English •  oftenconsidered a dialect of English • Awareness

26. Linguisticissues “I think probably people speak more Scots than they realise. I think people in Scotland who speak English often pepper that with words that are Scots. […] Scots is very good for describing how people feel and because it’s such a good language people use those words, but they probably don’t think that they’re Scots.” Andrew Martin, Curator of Modern Scottish Collections

27. Linguisticissues • Closerelation to English favourscode-switching

28. Linguisticissues “In fact the reality o Scottish speech the day is that it is gey inconsistent, or gey fluid, or souple /flexible, dependin on hou ye see it, for maist Scots in fact vary the nummer o Scots features intheir speech, ranginfae a mair local Scots tae a middle gruinwhaur we style shift or drift intae adistinctive Scots form o Standard English that is fu o mony Scottish linguistic features,especially covert ‘Scotticisms.’ (pinkie, flittin, skelf, messages, the cauld etc.)” (Hodgart 2011: 1-2)

29. Linguisticissues • Not standardised • Different dialects in different regions • No standardised spelling and pronunciation • BUT: 1947 Spelling Style Sheet • 1985 Concise Scots Dictionary • Resistance against standardisation • “Good” Scots – “Bad” Scots

30. Political Problems • Scotsassociatedwithseparatistmovements •  officialsupportunlikely • Money

31. Political Problems “It is worth noting that A National Cultural Strategy is not only printed in English andGaelic but is also available in Urdu, Cantonese, Punjabi, Hindi and Gujarati. Scotsspeakers although numerically outnumbering these five groups put together have tomake do with the English version.” (Jackson & Niven 2000: 7)

32. Political Problems • ScottishParliamentre-established in 1997

33. Scots in education • 1886 Scotch Code • 1925 children should not be taught Scots •  stigmatised in schools during 20th century • “speak properly”, “speak polite”

34. Scots in education “Probably likmaist folk here, ma ain 'traditional' Scottish education taught me nuthinaboot the Scots tung an nuthinaboot the wider aspects o language, apairtfaedrummin into oorheids theracist attitude that maist o us spoke an wrote a great deal o 'bad' English. This kinna ignoranceis somethin I haefauchtagin for nearly forty year as an ‘English’ teacher an tho I hae seenhuge progress in that time, whiles I still cannae believe whit I’m hearin.” (Hodgart 2011: 1)

35. Scots in education • 1886 Scotch Code • 1925 children should not be taught Scots •  stigmatised in schools during 20th century • “speak properly”, “speak polite” • 1991 plan to include Scots material in the school curriculum • BUT: Money issue

36. Scots in education • 2009 MWG Report: Scotsshouldbetaught at all levels • Trainteachers etc • Government turns down recommendations •  Money

37. AttitudestowardsScots • 2010 Survey

38. AttitudestowardsScots

39. AttitudestowardsScots

40. AttitudestowardsScots

41. AttitudestowardsScots

42. AttitudestowardsScots

43. AttitudestowardsScots

44. AttitudestowardsScots

45. AttitudestowardsScots • 2011 BBC programmeBletheringScots

46. 2014 Referendum • -> mightchangepolicytowardsScots to thebetter

47. Questions? Comments?

48. References • http://www.scotslanguage.com/ • http://www.scots-online.org • http://www.scotslanguage.com/library/document/Scots+Timeline+Post-1700.pdf • Andrew Martin interview: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-cmRhO9L7g • Jackson & Niven 2000: http://www.scotslanguage.com/library/document/LanguageLawLiberty.pdf • Hodgart 2011: http://www.scotslanguage.com/library/document/Scots+in+CfE+.pdf • 2010 Survey: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/01/06105123/1 • Ministerial Working Group Report: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/11/25121454/0 • Government Response: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2011/02/07094111/1 • http://www.scots-online.org/grammar/pronunci.htm