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Echinoderms

Sponges. Cnidarians. Echinoderms. Chordates. Brachiopods. Annelids. Molluscs. Arthropods. PALEOZOIC. PROTEROZOIC. Cambrian. Ediacaran. 635. 545. 515. 485 0. 605. 575. Time (millions of years age). Food particles in mucus. Choanocyte. Collar. Flagellum. Choanocyte.

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Echinoderms

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  1. Sponges Cnidarians Echinoderms Chordates Brachiopods Annelids Molluscs Arthropods PALEOZOIC PROTEROZOIC Cambrian Ediacaran 635 545 515 485 0 605 575 Time (millions of years age)

  2. Food particles in mucus Choanocyte Collar Flagellum Choanocyte Amoebocyte Phagocytosis of food particles Pores Spicules Water flow Amoebocytes Azure vase sponge (Callyspongia plicifera)

  3. (c) Anthozoa (b) Scyphozoa (a) Hydrozoa

  4. 15 m 75 m (a) Valeria (800 mya): roughly spherical, no structural defenses, soft-bodied (b) Spiny acritarch (575 mya):about five times larger than Valeria and covered in hard spines

  5. (a) Radial symmetry (b) Bilateral symmetry

  6. Body cavity Body covering (from ectoderm) Tissue layer lining body cavity and suspending internal organs (from mesoderm) Digestive tract (from endoderm)

  7. Porifera Ctenophora ANCESTRAL PROTIST Metazoa Cnidaria Eumetazoa Hemichordata 770 million years ago Echinodermata Deuterostomia Chordata 680 million years ago Platyhelminthes Rotifera Bilateria Ectoprocta Lophotrochozoa Brachiopoda 670 million years ago Mollusca Annelida Nematoda Ecdysozoa Arthropoda

  8. Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Muscle segments Mouth Anus Pharyngeal slits or clefts Post-anal tail

  9. (b) Tunicate (a) Lancelet

  10. Common ancestor of vertebrates Myxini (hagfishes) Vertebrates Petromyzontida (lampreys) Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) Vertebral column Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Gnathostomes Myxini Jaws, mineralized skeleton Dipnoi Actinistia (coelacanths) Osteichthyans Lungs or lung derivatives Lobe-fins Dipnoi (lungfishes) Lobed fins Tetrapoda (amphibians, reptiles, mammals) Tetrapods Limbs with digits Petromyzontida Actinopterygii Actinistia Chondrichthyes Tetrapoda

  11. 0.5 m

  12. MARINE CRUSTACEAN AQUATIC LOBE-FIN GREEN ALGA AQUATIC ANCESTOR Derived (roots) N/A N/A Anchoring structure Support structure Ancestral Ancestral (skeletal system) Derived (limbs) Derived (lignin/stems) Ancestral Internal transport Derived (vascular system) Ancestral CHARACTER Ancestral Ancestral Muscle/ nerve cells N/A Protection against desiccation Ancestral Derived (amniotic egg/scales) Derived (cuticle) Gas exchange Derived (stomata) Derived (tracheal system) Ancestral TERRESTRIAL ORGANISM TERRESTRIAL VERTEBRATES LAND PLANTS INSECTS

  13. Cephalothorax Abdomen Thorax Antennae (sensory reception) Head Swimming appen- dages (one pair per abdominal segment) Walking legs Mouthparts (feeding) Pincer (defense)

  14. Lepidopterans Hymenopterans Hemipterans

  15. Fish Characters Tetrapod Characters Neck Ribs Fin skeleton Flat skull Eyes on top of skull Scales Fins Gills and lungs Shoulder bones Neck Ribs Scales Head Eyes on top of skull Flat skull Humerus Ulna “Wrist” Elbow Radius Fin Fin skeleton

  16. Lungfishes Eusthenopteron Panderichthys Tiktaalik Acanthostega Tulerpeton Limbs with digits Amphibians Key to limb bones Ulna Radius Humerus Amniotes Silurian PALEOZOIC Devonian Carboniferous Permian 385 325 265 415 370 355 340 310 295 280 400 0 Time (millions of years ago)

  17. Caecilians have no legs and are mainly burrowing animals. Salamanders retain their tails as adults. Frogs and toads lack tails as adults.

  18. Extraembryonic membranes Chorion Allantois Amnion Yolk sac Embryo Amniotic cavity with amniotic fluid Yolk (nutrients) Shell Albumen

  19. †Plesiosaurs Crocodilians †Pterosaurs Turtles †Ornithischian dinosaurs Common ancestor of reptiles †Saurischian dinosaurs other than birds Common ancestor of dinosaurs Birds Turtles Tuataras Squamates Squamates Crocodilians Birds Tuataras

  20. Monotremes Marsupials Eutherians

  21. New World monkeys Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans “Apes” Gorillas Chimpanzees and bonobos Humans

  22. Murky, poorly-mixed Low oxygen Cyanobacteria (a) Ocean conditions before 600 mya Clear, well-mixed High oxygen Eukaryotic algae (b) Changes to ocean conditions by 530 mya

  23. 7.0 6.5 Age at maturity (years) 6.0 5.5 5.0 1970 1980 1990 1960 2000 Year

  24. Other invertebrates An endangered Pacific island land snail, Partula suturalis Molluscs Insects Birds Fishes Amphibians Mammals Reptiles (excluding birds) Workers on a mound of pearl mussels killed to make buttons (ca. 1919) Recorded extinctions of animal species

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