30 th July -1 st August, Ethiopia, Addis Abba , Prof F.D Yamba

1. THE FIRST HIGH-LEVEL BIOFUELS SERMINAR IN AFRICAPRE-REQUISITES FOR SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES 30th July -1st August, Ethiopia, Addis Abba, Prof F.D Yamba COMPETE Project Competence Platform on Energy Crop and Agroforestry Systems for Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystems - Africa

2. PRESENTATION OUTLINE • COMPETE BACKGROUND • PRE-REQUISITES • MARKETS • FEEDSTOCKS AVAILABILITY AT REASONABALE COST AND QUALITY • LAND SUITABILITY AND AVAILABILITY • PRODUCTION/TECHNOLOGIES • ECONOMICS • SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES • RESEARCH NEEDS • POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

3. COMPETE BACKGROUND COMPETE Objectives COMPETE will establish a platform for policy dialogue and capacity building and identify pathways for the sustainable provision of bioenergy• • To improve the quality of life and create alternative means of income for the rural population in Africa• • To aid the preservation of intact eco-systems in arid and semi-arid regions in Africa• • To enhance the equitable exchange of knowledge between EU and developing countries

4. COMPETE BACKGROUND COMPETE –Main Activities and Results • To evaluate current and future potential for the provision of bioenergy in Africa • To facilitate South-South technology and information exchange capitalising the world-leading RD&D in bioenergy • To develop innovative tools for the provision of financing for national bioenergy programmes and local bioenergy projects • To develop practical, targeted and efficient policy mechanisms for the development of bioenergy systems • To establish the Competence Platform to ensure effective dissemination and knowledge exchange

5. COMPETE BACKGROUND • COMPETE is co-funded by the European Commission in the 6th Framework Programme –Specific Measures in Support of International Cooperation • The COMPETE Consortium consists of 44 partners from 5 continents. • African partners are from Botswana, Burkina Faso, Kenya, Mali, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Zambia • European partners are from Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Norway, The Netherlands, Sweden, and UK • Asian partners are from China, India, and Thailand • Latin American partners are from Brazil and Mexico • International partners are the AFDB, CI, and FAO

6. PRE-REQUISITESMARKETS • Markets are key component in biofuels development • Are influenced by knowledge on the fuel consumption of both gasoline and diesel, • And possible blending ratios which in turn are influenced by availability of feedstocks • Biofuels can completely displace fossil fuels in the corresponding end use equipment. • For example 100% ethanol flex cars. • However, to minimize costs of switching 100% biofuels, • It is generally simpler to blend the proposed biofuel with the existing fossil fuel in proportions which will not require any modifications to the engine, such as E10, or B10

7. PRE-REQUISITESMARKETS • For example for SADC, at 10% ethanol blending, demand is estimated at 1.1 billion litres at 2000 levels and increases to 1.5 billion in the year 2015 • In case of diesel, the SADC demand is currently estimated at over 3 billion litres per year at 10% blending

8. PRE-REQUISITESFEEDSTOCKS(Ethanol) • Bio-ethanol is produced from crops such as sugar cane, sweet sorghum, corn, beet and wheat • A new generation of ‘ligno-cellulosic’ bio-ethanol also includes a range of forestry products such as rotation coppices and energy grasses. • The main issues to consider are ethanol content, octane number, fractional distillation temperature/flash point, Calorific value

9. PRE-REQUISITESFEEDSTOCKS(biodiesel) • Biodiesel is made from seeds such as rapeseeds, sunflower, soy, palm, coconut or jatropha • The most important criteria for biodiesel feedstock is assurance of high quality feedstock supply as described by the following criteria: • Iodine number (IN): indication for fuel stability, • Net calorific value: indication for energy content,

10. PRE-REQUISITESFEEDSTOCKS(biodiesel con’t) • Cold filter plugging point (CFPP): indication for winter operability, • Cetane number: indication for ignition behaviour. • Distillation curve: indication for smoothness of combustion.

11. PRE-REQUISITESLAND SUITABILITY • It is essential that various models are used to develop land suitability maps which in turn provide appropriate suitability maps which subtracts other land uses and takes account of soil suitability and agro-climatic data for a particular feedstock • Ideally, marginal lands are supposed to be used to grow Jatropha • For ETHANOL-The highest stem yield of sweet sorghum varieties are obtained on phaeozems (Very dark brown soils of very high productivity)

12. PRE-REQUISITESLAND VAILABILITY AND FEEDSTOCK POTENTIAL • Based on the suitability maps, land availability on one hand, and feedstock potential at different levels of penetration on the other, can be determined. • The obtained data can now be compared with the feedstock requirements being recommended for a particular project

13. PRE-REQUISITESPRODUCTION/TECHNOLOGIES-Ethanol • Processes • Fermentation and distillation for sugar based • Hydrolysis/fermentation/distillation for starch based (e.g. corn) and cellulose based (e.g. pulp) • However, the hydrolysis route is more costly and requires more research in terms of improved innovation on technology and economics of production

14. PRE-REQUISITESPRODUCTION/TECHNOLOGIES-Biodiesel • Processes • Base catalysed transesterification of the oil with alcohol • Direct acid catalysed esterification of the oil with methanol (commonly used) • Conversion of the oil to fatty acids, and then to alkyl esters with acid catalysts

15. PRE-REQUISITESECONOMICS • Despite the existence of a range of conversion technologies, the biggest challenge is the availability of feedstocks at reasonable cost and sufficient quantities. • Although there is a long list of feedstocks available, economics of transformation are rarely competitive with current fossil fuel cost. • In some cases, national feedstocks are not sufficient to satisfy technically acceptable blending ratios, such as 10% ethanol in petrol (E10). • Economics of production is crucial for successful implementation of biofuel development programmes.

16. PRE-REQUISITESECONOMICS • In this regard it is important that knowledge and capacity are available to select the appropriate technology and feedstock, which will yield production costs that are competitive with fossil fuel. • For example, lessons can be learned from economic analysis undertaken for selected feedstocks in various countries for ethanol and biodiesel

17. PRE-REQUISITESECONOMICS

18. PRE-REQUISITESECONOMICS • Two other important factors to consider are international crude oil prices and the local taxes, levies and margins as shown below

19. PRE-REQUISITESECONOMICS

20. PRE-REQUISITESSOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES • The production of crops for biofuels requires improved efficiencies and sustainability in the way land is used as marginal lands can be used. • Stringent management must be carried out to achieve maximum yield and high productivity. • Agronomic factors, e.g. rapid increase in price of fertilisers can negatively impact on the optimum application which will prevent the proper growth and development of the plant. • Likewise, harvesting and management of available water is equally important for maximum production of the crops.

21. PRE-REQUISITESRESEARCH NEEDS • To improve on the availability and quality of suitable feedstock suitable for local conditions, more research is required on the feedstock characterisation and optimisation of feedstock life cycle. • In addition, economic analysis on feedstock suitability and appropriate technologies for conversion should provide direction towards cost-effective solutions. • As an alternative to biodiesel esterification, requiring imports of methanol, pure plant oil applications in adapted engines should be investigated further, as well as alternatives to esterification.

22. PRE-REQUISITESRESEARCH NEEDS • Also, appropriate biofuel logistics and transport issues need addressing to ensure compatibility with the existing infrastructure. • The use of GIS technology for resource assessment provides opportunities to identify feedstock availability in a comprehensive way. • Harvesting and storage of the feedstock raw material requires improvement to compaction techniques to increase the energy density. • Additionally, biofuel quality standards may require adaptation to suit local requirements. • To answer such questions, research and human and financial capacity is required, however this is often lacking in African countries

23. PRE-REQUISITESPOLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Implement National Biofuel Strategies • African Governments should formulate strategies aimed at addressing critical issues such as promoting local demand for biofuels as a share of the fossil fuel market, determine blending ratios; establish biofuel standards, recommend production modalities and consider environmental and social concerns; and providing appropriate incentives. Institute Legal and regulatory framework • African Governments to set up legal and regulatory framework aimed at guiding and regulating the biofuel industry. • Enforce sustainable use of land and resources to avoid negative environmental impact of the biofuel industry.

24. PRE-REQUISITESPOLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Promote integrated agro-energy farming policies • African Governments to take into account the interconnectedness of the biofuel industries with livestock, farming, fisheries, and the conservation of forests and watershed areas to ensure maximising national benefits and sustainable development. • This integrated approach is also important for coherent and sustainable water and land management.

25. PRE-REQUISITESPOLICY RECOMMENDATIONS Support Biofuel Research • African Governments should support local regional research into suitable feedstocks; process and logistics optimisation; economic analysis for cost effective solutions; adapting and transfer of technologies, such as ligno-cellulosic conversion; searching locally appropriate alternatives to existing biofuels; resource assessment, including the use of GIS and support laboratory capacity for the analysis of biofuel produced to ensure compliance with quality standards.

26. THE END THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION