Chapter 14

1. Chapter 14 Age and Aging

2. Chapter Outline • The Social Construction of Aging • A Society Grows Old • Growing Up/Growing Old: Aging and the Life Course • Age, Diversity, and Inequality

3. Dementia • Term used to describe a variety of diseases that involve some permanent damage to the brain. • Involves an impaired awareness of one’s self and surroundings, memory loss, and tendencies toward delusions and hallucinations. • Alzheimer’s disease occurs among approximately 10% of the population over age 65 and half of the population over age 85.

4. Social Factors in the Aging Process • What it means to grow older and how people age are social phenomena. • The influence of social definitions on aging are illustrated by the distinction in cognitive and chronological age. • Cognitive age is how old one thinks of oneself as being. • Chronological age is one’s actual age.

5. Age Stereotypes • Preconceived judgments about the characteristics of different age groups. • Common stereotypes of the elderly include that they are: forgetful, set in their ways, meddlesome, conservative, inactive, unproductive, lonely, mentally dim, and uninterested in sex. • Studies find women are viewed as old as much as a decade sooner than men.

6. The Aged: Myths and Realities • Myth: Most old people have no interest or capacity for sex. • Although there is some decline in sexual activity as people age, there is less decline in interest than in activity. • Even after age 65, people report an average of sex 2.5 times a month, compared to 7.1 times for those 18 to 65.

7. The Aged: Myths and Realities • Old people are usually senile. • Only a small minority of the elderly can be considered senile; about 10% suffer from Alzheimer’s disease. • Most old people end up in nursing homesand other institutions. • Less than 5% of the elderly are in a nursing home or other institution at any particular time.

8. Age Norms • Explicit and implicit rules that spell out the expectations society has for different ages. • They define what you should or should not do according to your age. • Young people are not supposed to be sexually active and are supposed to stay in school. • The elderly are expected to retire from their jobs and be less active and publicly visible than those supposedly in their prime.

9. A Society Grows Old • America’s older population will double by 2030, reaching some 70 million. • The most rapid growth among the older population is among those who are 85 years and over. • In 1900, only 4% of the population was over age 65; by the end of the century, it was 12%; and by 2025, it will be 18%.

10. Contract Between Generations • The expectation that the first generation will grow up and raise the second generation who in turn produce a third generation. • Each generation cares for the next, and the second or third generation will care for the first when they become old. • Parents care for children who in turn care for their children.

11. Social Security • First established in 1935 as Old Age, Survivors’, and Disability Insurance. • It works through a payroll tax placed on the earnings of current workers, employers, and self-employed people. • The money is placed in a federal trust fund and drawn on from those currently receiving Social Security. • How much you receive depends on your lifetime earnings.

12. Social Security • Social Security expenditures are 1/4 of the federal budget for human, physical, and defense resources. • In 1945, Social Security had 35 people paying into the fund for every recipient drawing upon it. • By the late 1990s, the ratio was 3.2 to 1.

13. Socialization Across the Life Cycle • Childhood - establish identity and values. • Adolescence - form a consistent identity. • Adulthood and Old Age - learn new roles and expectations in adult life.

14. Slowing the Transition to Adulthood

15. Age, Race and Poverty

16. Growing Population of Minority Youth

17. Where the Aged Live

18. Polling Question • Medical and health insurance premiums should not be based on age of the recipient. A.) Strongly agree B.) Agree somewhat C.) Unsure D.) Disagree somewhat E.) Strongly disagree

19. Nursing Homes • The average annual cost of a nursing home is now about $57,000 per person per year. • The median income for all elderly is just over $23,000. • Medicare and Medicaid are federal programs that assist the elderly. • Medicare was established in the 1960s to provide health services for older Americans. • Medicaid provides health care assistance for the poor, including the elderly.

20. Elder Abuse • The National Center on Elder Abuse estimates that there are between 820,000 and 1,860,000 abused elders in the United States • Elder abuse is often hidden in the privacy of families or behind institutional doors, and victims are reluctant to talk about their situations. • Reports of elder abuse have increased since the mid-1980s.

21. Euthanasia • Killing a severely ill person or allowing the person to die as an act of mercy such as in physician-assisted suicide. • The public is divided in its support for euthanasia: • 49% say physician-assisted suicide is morally wrong • 45% say it is morally acceptable

22. Age Prejudice and Discrimination • Age prejudice is a negative attitude about an age group generalized to all people in that group. • Age discrimination is the different and unequal treatment of people based solely on their age. • Age prejudice is a covert attitude, age discrimination involves actual behavior. • The Age Discrimination Employment Act, passed in 1967, protects people from age discrimination in employment.

23. Polling Question • I don't value older people in our society as much as younger people. A.) Strongly agree B.) Agree somewhat C.) Unsure D.) Disagree somewhat E.) Strongly disagree

24. Quadruple Jeopardy • The simultaneous effects of being old, minority, female, and poor. • The status of old is lower than that of adult. • The status of minority is lower than that of White. • The status of women is lower than that of men. • The status of poor is lower than that of middle-class.

25. The Changing Global Age Structure

26. The World’s Oldest-Old

27. Functionalist Theory of Aging

28. Conflict Theory of Aging

29. Symbolic Interaction Theory of Aging

30. Quick Quiz

31. 1. ________ is the term used to describe a variety of diseases that involve some permanent damage to the brain. a. Dementia b. Senescence c. Madness d. Senility

32. Answer: A • Dementia is the term used to describe a variety of diseases that involve some permanent damage to the brain.

33. 2. Life expectancy is defined as the: a. number of average years a particular group is likely to liveb. average number of years the baby boomers will livec. total number of years that a particular group will live d. quality of life a particular group is likely to have

34. Answer: a • Life expectancy is defined as the number of average years a particular group is likely to live.

35. 3. Which of the following statements about aging is incorrect? a. Age stereotypes differ for different groups. b. Age stereotypes are reinforced through popular culture. c. Gender is not a factor in age stereotypes. d. Perceptions of aging are socially constructed.

36. Answer: c • The statement, gender is not a factor in age stereotypes, is incorrect.

37. 4. Like class, race, and gender, age is a source of: a. racial differentiation b. social stratification c. age discrimination d. gender segregation

38. Answer: b • Like class, race, and gender, age is a source of social stratification.

39. 5. The term used by sociologists to describe the institutionalized practice ofage prejudice and discrimination is:a. age stereotypesb. age prejudicec. ageismd. age discrimination

40. Answer: c • The term used by sociologists to describe the institutionalized practice of age prejudice and discrimination is ageism.