BIOLOGY-101 Sections 800 & 802

BIOLOGY-101Sections 800 & 802 BIOL-101 Brookdale Community College Mr. D. Fusco

Agenda *Introduction to BIOL-101 *Personal Information *Syllabus review *Philosophy of Life Sciences (Chapter 1) *Characteristics of Life *Organization of Life *Classification *Scientific Method

First & Last Name Address - Line 1 Phone Number Address - Line 2 Email address Emergency Contact: Name & Phone Number Occupation (Please note if you are a F/T or P/T student) Reason for taking course Career Goals One thing I should know about you Personal Information

Icebreaker • Milk Chocolate = Tell how you spent your winter break • Krackel = Name the reality show you would be on (if you had to) and why • Special Dark = Tell something that you have done that you think no one else has done • Mr. Goodbar = Share one of your favorite memories

Philosophy of Life Sciences

What is Biology? • Biology is the - a VAST topic • Biologists ask questions such as: • How a single cell develops into an • How the human mind works • How living things interact in • There are many key themes that connect the concepts of biology

Major theme of biology • A striking underlies the of life; for example: • is the universal genetic language common to all organisms • Unity is evident in many features of • Yet, all organisms (even within the same species) exhibit great

What is Life? • Life defies a simple, one-sentence definition • Life is recognized by what living things do • What do living things do? • How do we identify something living?

Fig. 1-3 Order Response to the environment Adaptation Regulation Reproduction Growth and development Energy processing

Characteristics of Life • Life involves characteristics • All living things: • R(to environment) • E (use & acquire) • G(directed by genes) • R(like produces like) • O (demonstrate) • A(over a longer period of time) • R(maintain homeostasis)

Organization of Life • Life is highly • Life can be studied at from molecules to the entire living planet • New properties emerge at each level in the • The study of life can be divided into different levels of

Fig. 1-4 The biosphere Cells Organs and organ systems Cell Ecosystems Organelles Communities 1 µm Atoms Tissues 50 µm Molecules Populations Organisms Levels of Organization 10 µm

Organization • are the simplest level. • Two or more atoms comprise a . (Macromolecules are large, biologically important molecules inside cells.) • are aggregates of macromolecules used to carry out a specific function in the cell.

Organization • are the basic living unit. • are groups of cells functioning together. • Groups of tissues form • Groups of organs function together as • Organ systems functioning together make up an

Organization • A group of organisms within a specified area make a • The set of populations that inhabit a particular area create a • All of the living things in the community, as well as nonliving components (such as soil, water, and light) make an • All of the earth’s ecosystems combine to make up the

Classification • Approximately species have been identified and named to date, and thousands more are identified each year • Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from • is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth

Taxonomy “taxis” = arrangement; “nomy” = science of • Hence taxonomy becomes the • Taxonomy involves identifying and classifying organisms

Aristotle384-322 BC (Greece) • Classified into two main groups: • Plants because they are • Animals because they are

Carolus Linnaeus1707-1778 (Sweden) • Binomial system of nomenclature • Scientific name (aka Latin name) • Consists of

Fig. 1-14 Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Ursus americanus (American black bear) Ursus Ursidae Carnivora Mammalia Chordata Animalia Eukarya

Levels of Classification • (broadest) • (most specific)

Scientific Name African elephant Loxodonta africana • 2 names (Genus & species) • Latin • Either in italics or underlined Wolf Canis lupus African lion Panthera leo

Domains • The system is currently used • Some scientists still refer to 5 kingdoms as well • Domain includes most of the common bacteria • Domain includes bacteria that live in extreme environments (hot springs and salt lakes) • Domain includes all eukaryotic organisms

Eukarya • The domain Eukarya includes three • Other eukaryotic organisms were formerly grouped into a kingdom called , though these are now often grouped into many separate kingdoms

Kingdoms Each kingdom will be discussed according to: Cell Type Organization Acquiring energy Reproduction Motility Example(s) • Monera (combine Bacteria & Archaea) • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia

Monera (Bacteria) • (NO nucleus) • Absorb food • Asexual reproduction (binary fission) • Example: bacteria • Escherichia coli • Helicobacter pylori

Protista • Unicellular or Multicellular • Asexual or sexual reproduction • Motile or nonmotile • Example: Ameba, Paramecium, Euglena, Seaweed

Fungi • Absorb food (hyphae) • Asexual or sexual reproduction • Example: Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus); Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

Plantae • Multicellular • (make their own food) • Sexual reproduction • Example: Rose (Rosa macdub)

Animalia • Eukaryotic • Motile • Example: Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)

Question? Where are the viruses?

Are viruses alive? • Virus means • Originally, they were considered • Because of their properties, researchers saw a parallel with • Let’s look again at the characteristics of life

Fig. 1-3 Order Response to the environment Adaptation Regulation Reproduction Growth and development Energy processing

Are viruses alive? • Viruses cannot • Most biologists would agree that they are alive since they do not exhibit all of the characteristics of life • Viruses lead a

Scientific Inquiry • The wordis derived from Latin and means • Inquiry is the search for • There are two main types of scientific inquiry: • The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena

Discovery Science • Discovery science describes • This approach is based on observation and the analysis of • Data are or items of information • Data fall into two categories • , or descriptions, rather than measurements • , or recorded measurements, which are sometimes organized into tables and graphs

Inductive Reasoning • Discovery science often employs • Inductive reasoning draws conclusions through the logical process of induction • Repeat observations can lead to important • For example, “the sun always rises in the east”

Hypothesis-Based Science • Observations can lead us to ask questions and propose hypothetical explanations called • A hypothesis is a • A scientific hypothesis leads to predictions that can be

Limitations of Hypotheses • A hypothesis must be • Hypothesis-based science often makes use of two or more alternative hypotheses • Failure to falsify a hypothesis that hypothesis • For example, you replace your flashlight bulb, and it now works • This the hypothesis that your bulb was burnt out, but (perhaps the first bulb was inserted incorrectly)

Deductive Reasoning • Hypothesis-based science involves the use of • Deductive reasoning uses premises to make predictions • For example, organisms are made of cells (premise 1), and humans are organisms (premise 2), humans are composed of cells (deductive prediction)

Scientific Method • The scientific methodis an • Hypothesis-based science is based on the “textbook” but rarely follows all the ordered steps • has made important contributions with very little dependence on the so-called scientific method • However, we will identify steps in order to grasp its parts

Scientific Method Parts • Identify • Make • Create a • Design a • Analyze and make a

Case Study: Investigating Mimicry in Snake Populations • Many poisonous species are brightly colored, which • are harmless species that closely resemble poisonous species • Henry Bates hypothesized that this mimicry evolved in as an adaptation that • This hypothesis was tested with the poisonous eastern coral snake (top) and its mimic the nonpoisonous scarlet king snake (bottom)

Hypothesis • Both species live in the Carolinas, but the king snake is also found in regions poisonous coral snakes • If predators inherit an avoidance of the coral snake’s coloration, then the in the regions where coral snakes are present

Experiment • To test this mimicry hypothesis, researchers made hundreds of artificial snakes: • An resembling king snakes • A resembling plain brown snakes • of both types were placed at field sites, including areas without poisonous coral snakes

Conclusion • After four weeks, the scientists retrieved the artificial snakes and bite or claw marks • The data fit the predictions of the mimicry hypothesis: the in the geographic region where coral snakes were found

Controlled Experiment • A controlled experiment compares an (the artificial king snakes) (the artificial brown snakes) • Ideally, only the (the color pattern of the artificial snakes) differs between the control and experimental groups • A controlled experiment means that control groups are used to • A controlled experiment does mean that all unwanted variables are kept constant

Theories & Laws • In the context of science, a is: • broader in scope than a hypothesis • general, and can lead to new testable hypotheses • supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis • Example: • In the context of science, a is: • described as an • supported by a larger population (usually outside of the scientific community) than a theory • Example:

Limitations of Science • In science, observations and experimental results must also be • Science , which are outside the bounds of science

Science & Technology • Science and technology are • The goal of technology is to for some specific purpose • Biology is marked by while technology is marked by

BIOLOGY-101 Sections 800 & 802