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Transportation & Energy: Fuel Impacts & Options

Transportation & Energy: Fuel Impacts & Options. Clean Energy Now Blue Ridge Community College October 8, 2010. Anne Tazewell NC Solar Center/NC State University 919-513-7831 www.cleantransportation.org a nne_tazewell@ncsu.edu. Presentation Topics to Cover. Who we are

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Transportation & Energy: Fuel Impacts & Options

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  1. Transportation & Energy:Fuel Impacts & Options Clean Energy Now Blue Ridge Community College October 8, 2010 Anne Tazewell NC Solar Center/NC State University 919-513-7831 www.cleantransportation.org anne_tazewell@ncsu.edu

  2. Presentation Topics to Cover • Who we are • Energy impacts of transportation • Solutions overview • Resources

  3. NC Solar Center • Part of the College of Engineering at NC State University, • grant /contract/state appropriated funding • Created in 1988 & serves as clearinghouse for information, training, technical assistance deployment, demonstration and applied research • Example programs: renewable energy, sustainable building, industrial efficiency , and clean transportation

  4. NC & National Air Quality Standards • Currently 24 NC Counties are in non attainment or maintenance for national AQ standards • EPA will issue final determination of new, more stringent AQ standard 10/31/10 • NC is NOx limited, meaning this is the greatest pollutant of concern • NOx & VOCs= ground level ozone • 50% of NC NOx is from transportation

  5. Exhaust Health EffectsNorth Carolina (Annually) CV disease 1,705,451 Chronic bronchitis, asthma & emphysema 643,383 Total Population at risk 6,460,226 (Population living in areas that do not meet national Air quality standards based on 2008 census) American Lung Association 2010 State of the Air Report www.stateoftheair.org/2010/states/north-carolina/

  6. CO2 and Climate Change • Greenhouse Effect: increased levels of CO2 in the atmosphere trap solar radiation • The earth warms… Top 5 Warmest Years Worldwide Since 1890 1) 2005 2) 2009 2) 2007 2) 1998 2) 2002 • 2000-2009 was the warmest decade on record • Fossil fuels used in transportation represent over 30% of greenhouse gas emissions • One gallon of petroleum fuel creates 19 lbs of CO2 www.giss.nasa.gov/research/news/20100121/

  7. Petroleum Supply & Demand • Supply • 65% of proven reserves are in the Middle East • US production peaked in 1970, world production may peak soon • May need to resort to unconventional sources such as Tar sands or Oil shale • Demand • World population growth • US uses 25% of world oil • with only 4.5% of the • population • Industrialization of India & China Oil imports in bbl/day

  8. U.S. Oil Consumption • The United States consumes more energy from petroleum than from any other energy source. • In 2008 total U.S. petroleum consumption was 19.5 million barrels per day, or 37% of all the energy we consumed. • 71% of total U.S. petroleum consumption is for transportation

  9. VMT & Population Growth Over the next decade NC population is expected to grow by 9% while VMT increases by 16%. Source: NC Division of Air Quality Janice.Godfrey@ncdenr.gov

  10. Economic Development NC Green Jobs/Economic Growth supported by: • Design Line- hybrid electric & electric bus manufacturer in Charlotte • Cummins Westport ISL G heavy duty natural gas engine manufactured in Rocky Mount • Altech-Eco is a EPA certified small volume producer of natural gas vehicles in Arden ( Asheville) NC • 1 60 mgy ethanol plant & 5 500,000- 1.5mgy biodiesel production facilities • Celgard, LLC – Li battery manufacturer, Charlotte • GE production of WattStation; EVSE, Mebane • Sept 22 announcement by ABB of $10M investment in Smart Grid Center of Excellence in Raleigh

  11. Transportation Solutions There is no silver bullet. We need to promote fuel conservation & technology DIVERSTY: • Drive Green Save Green www.ncdot.org/programs/drivegreen/ • Alternative fuel ( biofuels, natural gas, propane, electric) • Advanced technology vehicles ( heavy duty & passenger hybrids) • Decrease SOVs and increase bicycles, pedestrian & transit options

  12. Biodiesel Air Quality Benefits • Readily available, cleaner burning, renewable fuel replacement for diesel. Can be blended in any amount with diesel or used as B100 • B2 to increase lubricity of ULSD; B5 considered same as diesel; B20 is now accepted fuel by many OEMs • Renewable Fuel Standard ( RFS II) requires 36 B gal use by 2022; 2010 volume 12.95 B gals with 1 B carve out for biomass based diesel in 2012 RFS II include lifecycle greenhouse gas emission thresholds. Biodiesel 57-85% reduction in GHGs Source: EPA (www.epa.gov) * A 2005 NC DOT study found a 10 % decrease in NOxwith B20 in on-road testing of dump trucks

  13. New diesels= New biodiesel opportunities • In 2009 17 diesel models were introduced into the U.S. market with over a dozen more expected in 2010+ • 14 2010 diesels eligible for “lean burn” vehicle for federal tax credits from $900-$1,800 www.fueleconomy.gov Dodge Sprinter Van-B20 approved 2010 Green Car of the Year- Audi A3 TDI Ford F 2011 Series -B20 approved

  14. Ethanol Air Quality Benefits • Renewable fuel produced by fermenting organic materials 115 octane, non-toxic, biodegradable, water soluble • Used in E10 & E85 blends in flex fuel vehicles (FFVs) E10 is now voluntarily blended into the majority of NC gasoline. E85 requires FFVs. • 27% less energy in a gallon of ethanol, needs to be priced below petroleum to be competitive 1Based on MY2008 FFVs tested by the EPA for their annual certification test results (www.epa.gov/otaq/crttst.htm) 2Based on ethanol’s inherently "cleaner" chemical properties with an engine that takes full advantage of these fuel properties and Argonne National Lab modeling.

  15. Finding a Flex fuel Vehicle • 2008 & newer FFVs will have a distinctive yellow fuel cap as per federal requirements. Older vehicles should have ID label inside fuel door. • 37 makes/models of FFVs are available in 2010 w 8M FFVs operating on America’s roadways. NC has over 182,000 FFVs • Major automobile manufacturers in the U.S., including Ford, Chrysler and General Motors, have made a commitment to produce 50% of their current models with the FFV option Graphics: Growth Energy Purchasing Guide 2010 www.ethanolretailer.com/images/uploads/2010_Purchasing_Guide_small.pdf

  16. Comparison of Fossil Energy Yield *Yield in liquid fuel BTUs per BTU of fossil fuel energy dedicated For example for every one BTU of fossil energy used to produce gasoline, .74 BTUs of gasoline is produced. Sources: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/fy98/24089.pdf http://www.usda.gov/oce/reports/energy/aer-814.pdf http://www.usda.gov/oce/reports/energy/ELCAofSoybeanBiodiesel91409.pdf

  17. Benefits of CNG and LPG Air Quality Benefits • Available • Established distribution network • LPG similar fueling to gasoline; natural gas is compressed ( CNG) for transportation • Reduced emissions • Fewer CO2, CO, NOX, VOC, and toxins than gasoline or diesel • Energy security • 85% of CNG & 90% of LPG in US is domestically produced • Cost • Cheaper than gasoline and diesel using a gallon of gas equivalent (gge) (percent reduction) Source: NGV America http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/vehicles/emissions_propane.html http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/fuels/propane_benefits.html

  18. CNG & LPG Vehicles • Dedicated vehicles operate only on natural gas or propane. • Bi-fuel vehicles operate on natural gas or propane as well as gasoline. A bi-fuel vehicle will have 2 fueling ports. • Bi-fuel vehicles are re-emerging in the marketplace. • OEMs include Honda and Cummins Westport for CNG. • Over 43 CNG & 17 LPG vehicle engines are certified by EPA, available through up-fitters, and carry factory warranties.

  19. Hybrid Vehicles • Hybrids combine the advantages of an internal combustion engine and the efficiencies of an electric motor for reduced emissions and fuel costs. • Established applications include light duty (LD) passenger and heavy duty utility trucks and transit buses • LD Hybrid sales for 2009 were 290,272 units—not bad for a year in which auto sales imploded. Hybrid sales were off by 8 percent compared to 2008, while the overall market fell by 21 percent.

  20. Automaker Plug-in Plans ALL ELECTRIC PHEV or EREV ? ? Production Nissan Leaf Mitsubishi iMIEV Smart ED GM PHEV Toyota Prius Chevrolet Volt ? Cadillac Converj BYD 3DFM Ford Focus Ford Transit Connect Tesla Fisker Karma Demo/Concept VW Golf TwinDrive BMW Concept Ford Escape PHEV Chrysler/Fiat EV Subaru R1e Mini-E Hyundai Blue-Will Volvo C30 Kia Ray Tesla Model S Toyota FT-EV Nearly every automaker has a plug-in vehicle planned over the next 3 years. Slide; Progress Energy ; Mike Waters Mercedes BlueCell

  21. PEV Adoption Forecasts Notes: Includes hybrid vehicles PEV forecast from 2007 EPRI-NRDC study Obama Administration has set a goal of achieving 1 million PEVs on the road in five years Plug-in vehicle market penetration forecasts:

  22. Resources • Clean Cities Coalitions • Triangle Clean Cities Coalition www.trianglecleancities.org • Centralina Clean Fuels Coalition (Charlotte) www.4cleanfuels.com • Land of Sky Clean Vehicles Coalition (Asheville) www.landofsky.org • State Energy Office www.energync.net • North Carolina Solar Center www.cleantransportation.org • U.S. DOE Fuel Economy Guide www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/FEG2000.htm

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