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BIODIVERSITY CP Environmental Science-2010

BIODIVERSITY CP Environmental Science-2010. DEFINITIONS BENEFITS THREATS BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION. What is Biodiversity. Species diversity Genetic biodiversity Ecological and ecosystem diversity. How Many Species. Over 2 million known

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BIODIVERSITY CP Environmental Science-2010

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  1. BIODIVERSITYCP Environmental Science-2010 DEFINITIONS BENEFITS THREATS BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION

  2. What is Biodiversity • Species diversity • Genetic biodiversity • Ecological and ecosystem diversity

  3. How Many Species • Over 2 million known • Numbers may up to 50 million, maybe 30 million insects • Inverts 70%of known & may be 90% of existing species • Most in tropics

  4. Benefits of Biodiversity • Food- • especially genetic “bank” to improve domestic crops • many potentially valuable food plants • Drugs and medicine - studying native cultures • Ecological benefits • Aesthetic and cultural benefits

  5. Natural Extinction • Evolutionary time: most species extinct-99% • Through evolution - “genes” may remain from evolutionary predecessors • Mass extinction: end of dinosaur age and end or Permian period (over 1/2 of all animals) • In “normal times”: perhaps one species per decade in undisturbed ecosystem

  6. Human Caused Extinction • Much accelerated rate of extinction • Hundreds or even thousands of species, subspecies, or varieties to become extinct • Estimates are at more than 20,000 species per year, but may be many more thousands of not even identified species

  7. Extinction isForever

  8. Figure 22-6Page 563 Passenger pigeon Dusky seaside sparrow Great auk Dodo Aepyornis (Madagascar)

  9. Class ActivityIntroduction to Endangered Species - What Is Happening to These Animals? • Effects of PA cutting forests in 1800s • Persecution of predators - animals extirpated • Introduced species • Lost or damaged habitats • some details on wetlands - what happens to them? • What agencies in PA deal with End. Spp?

  10. Class Activity - IntroductionClassification meanings • List and define the different classifications • List several examples of each • Endangered species in P • PA Game Commission • PA Fish Commission

  11. Threats to Biodiversity Habitat Loss • Number one cause • Especially wetlands, coastal • Tropical forest – great diversity • Includes filling, pollution, even ozone depletion! • Pollution- • DDT, PCBs, • Lead poisons • Global Climate Change – N.G.video the polar bear

  12. Threats of Biodiversity Direct Killing and Persecution • Commercial Products and Live specimens • Furs, hides, horns, pets • Predator and pest control • 1995: Animal Damage Control Program: • $24 M to kill 700,000 birds and animals • Hunting and fishing-overharvesting • making a renewable resource unstainable • American passenger pigeon • Great whales • Buffalo • Many island species

  13. Figure 22-23Page 584 DO NOT POST TO INTERNET

  14. Threats of BiodiversityIntroduced Species • Exotic species introduction • Plants: Purple loosestrife, honeysuckle, multifloral rose • Zebra mussels • Feral animals - cats and dogs • Diseases-American chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease • Insects

  15. Figure 22-17 (1)Page 576 Purple looselife European starling African honeybee (“Killer bee”) Nutria Salt cedar (Tamarisk) Marine toad Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Hydrilla European wild boar (Feral pig)

  16. Figure 22-17 (2)Page 576 Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire ant Brown tree snake Eurasian muffle Common pigeon (Rock dove) Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-horned beetle Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae

  17. Type of Nonnative Organism Annual Losses and Damages Figure 22-16Page 575 Crop disease $23.5 billion Crop weeds $23.4 billion Rats $19 billion Feral cats and outdoor pet cats $17 billion Crop insects $14 billion Livestock diseases $9 billion Forest insects and diseases $4.8 billion Zebra mussels $3 billion Common pigeon $1.1 billion Formosan termite $1.1 billion Fishes $1.1 billion Asian clam $1.1 billion Feral pigs $0.8 billion Starlings $0.8 billion Fire ant $0.6 billion

  18. Protecting Biodiversity • Hunting and fishing laws • Endangered Species Act-1973 • State laws • International laws • CITES • Ban on whaling • Habitat protection- parks and refugees • Zoos and botanical preserves • Captive breeding and release programs

  19. Endangered Species Act - 1973 • Classifications • Endangered • Threatened • Vulnerable • Regulates • Taking in any form • Habitat protection • Harassment or interference during breeding

  20. ESA - Numbers and Classification • 1530 endangered & threatened species • 500 candidate species • Vertebrates: 91% • Hundreds of species “warranted but precluded” from protection - just no staff or dollars

  21. Zoos, Botanical Gardens, Captive Breeding • Purposes: preservation and public education - or another expression of human dominance? • Exposure of people to wild animals • Who do we protect - only the humanly defined beautiful and interesting?

  22. Breed and Release • Peregrines • California Condor • How to reduce genetic inbreeding • High Cost

  23. Capture, transfer and release • Elk in PA • Turkey in PA • Wolves in Yellowstone • Whopping crane • Sea turtles (egg “capture”)

  24. CITES Treaty • International-What is purpose? • Need economic sustainability as well as protect endangered species • Role of ecotourism

  25. Figure 22-7 (3)Page 565 West Virginia spring salamander Whooping crane Knowlton cactus Giant panda (China) Blue whale Pine barrens tree frog (male) Swamp pink Hawksbill sea turtle El Segundo blue butterfly Mountain gorilla (Africa)

  26. Figure 22-7 (1)Page 564 Florida manatee Northern spotted owl (threatened) Bannerman's turaco (Africa) Gray wolf Florida panther Devil's hole pupfish Black-footed ferret Snow leopard (Central Asia) Utah prairie dog (threatened) Symphonia (Madagascar) California condor Black lace cactus Oahu tree snail Ghost bat (Australia) Black rhinoceros (Africa)

  27. Figure 22-13 (1)Page 573 Range 100 years ago Range today (about 2,300 left) • The Tiger – critically endangered - NG video Indian Tiger

  28. Figure 22-13 (4)Page 573 Former range Range today (34,000–54,000 left) Asian or Indian Elephant

  29. Figure 22-13 (3)Page 573 Probable range 1600 Range today (300,000 left) African Elephant

  30. Why Be Concerned? • Plants • Source of drugs - rosy periwinkle (78) • genetic diversity for food crops • Loss of ecosystems - cascading effects • keystone species - sea otter in California • killing predators - lose limiting factors - • Elk in Yellowstone, deer in pa • Moral, ethical, aesthetic

  31. Figure 22-11 (2)Page 569 Foxglove Digitalis purpurea, Europe Digitalis for heart failure

  32. Figure 22-11 (3)Page 569 Pacific yew Taxus brevifolia, Pacific Northwest Ovarian cancer

  33. Endangered Species in PAClass Activity • Wade Island - Tough Decisions to Protect Endangered Species • What two end Class Activity endangered species nest on Wade Island? • Describe what is happening with cormorants on the island • Discuss at least three problems caused by the cormorant • What is going to be done? • Do you agree or disagree with this approach? • Do we humans have a right to decide what species survives on the island?

  34. Wildlife Management(textbook 1.15, game commission website, class videos) • What are the goals of a wildlife manager? • How are wildlife populations studied and assessed? • What are the techniques used today and in the past to manage and enhance PA wildlife populations? • Hunting • Habitat management • Endangered species • Other • What are some PA wildlife “success stories”? • What are advantages/disadvantages of hunting in PA?

  35. Preserving Nature

  36. Vital Habitats • Coral Reef - video

  37. Rangeland and pasture 29% Land Use in the United States Fig. 23-3 p. 595

  38. Types of US Public Lands • Multiple-use lands: • National Forests • BLM • National Forest Service in Dept of Agr. • Moderately-restricted use lands: National Wildlife Refuges - USFWS • Restricted-use lands: • National Park System- Dept of Interior • National Wilderness Preservation System • Wilderness Act of 1964 (pg 627) • Preservationist philosophy

  39. US Public Lands Fig. 23-4 p. 596

  40. US National Parks • The First: Yellowstone in 1872 • Yosemite: thanks to John Muir • Why a national park - what are the purposes?

  41. Wildlife Refuges • Teddy Roosevelt - 1901 • 511 in the system • Hunting not only allowed, but in many have become number one activity

  42. Land Use In PA • Pennsylvania Land Area 28,863,000 acres • Forested (Public and Private) 20,078,000 acres • State Forest Land 2,100,000 acres • State Forest Wild Areas 145,000 acres • Protected Natural Areas 79,000 acres • Even if we protect all 145,000 acres of state forest wild areas, only a fraction of Pennsylvania - less than 1% - will be left wild and protected for future generations to enjoy.

  43. Types of PA Public Lands • PA Wildlands • State parks

  44. Tropical Rain Forests • Sustainable Logging • Why are rainforests being cut and SO WHAT?

  45. Summary • State of the Earth • Animals – State of the Earth

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