PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNANCE England and India .

1. ISA (2018-2019) SOCIAL SCIENCE PROJECT PARLIAMENTARY GOVERNANCE England and India.

2. British Influence on Indian Parliamentary Styles And Governance

3. Why this topic !!!! • The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindush, equivalent to the Sanskrit word Sindhu,[ which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. • Indian history begins with the birth of the Indus Valley Civilization and the coming of the Aryans. • These two phases are usually described as the pre-Vedic and Vedic age. Hinduism arose in the Vedic period.  • The following period saw the rise of several dynasties such as the Mauryas and Guptas , who produced some of India’s finest rulers like Chandra Gupta Maurya, Ashoka, Samudra Gupta and Vikramaditya. • FollowinG this was the rise of the muslim dynasties like slave dynasty, Khilji, Tughlaqs, Lodis and finally the Mughals.

4. Why this topic !!!! • It was in the 17th century that the Europeans came to India. • This coincided with the disintegration of the Mughal Empire, paving the way for regional states. • In the contest for supremacy, the English emerged 'victors'. The Rebellion of 1857-58, which sought to restore Indian supremacy, was crushed; and with the subsequent crowning of Victoria as Empress of India, the incorporation of India into the empire was complete. • It was followed by India's struggle for independence, which India got in the year 1947. • India has a vast and varied culture and is rich in art , architecture, literature, music, dance, food, political systems, legal system, customs etc.

5. History of political institutions in india • The Indian political system is a much more recent construct dating from India's independence from Britain in 1947. • The current constitution came into force on 26 January 1950 and advocates the trinity of justice, liberty and equality for all citizens. • The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 444 articles, 12 schedules and 98 amendments, with some 146,000 words in its English language version. • India's lower house, the LokSabha, is modelled on the British House of Commons, but its federal system of government borrows from the experience of the United States, Canada and Australia • . The Constitution refers to India as a "Union of states.

6. History of political institutions in india • 300 years of British rule in India had a profound effect on Indian culture, economy, politics and the Indian society as a whole, • India has maintained such central British institutions as democracy, parliamentary government, universal adult franchise and the rule of law through the judiciary. • . British retained as well the institutional arrangements of the Raj such as district administration, universities and stock exchanges. • British promoted education, which led to the emergence of the middle class in theIndian society. • As a result of this, we Indians are noticeably more liberal in our thinking. • Through this PPT we shall see the Influence of British on Indian Parliamentary Styles And Governance

7. Parlimentary form of government • The British administrative system was based on three pillars —executive, judiciary and legislature. • The legislature enacted the laws for the country, the executive implemented them, and the judiciary was responsible for maintaining the rule of law. • The British Administration in India also created these representative institutions • There was an executive council and legislative council at central and provincial level

8. Parlimentary form of government • Thus like Britain ,India has a form of government where the executive branch of government has the direct or indirect support of the parliament. • This support is usually shown by a vote of confidence. • The member­ship of the elected representatives was increased to constitute a majority in the Legislative Councils, and the majority of unofficial members led to the transfer of executive responsibility upon them.

9. Parlimentary form of government • The party elected with a majority in the Legislative Council formed the Council of Ministers. • Thus, Legislative Council was instrumental in securing the transfer of power through gradual and constitutional means. • In this way, it was due to the British impact that India inherited the representative or parliamentary institutions.

10. Civil services • One of the greatest legacy of British in India. • IAS,IFS, are posts that are sought after by attempting civil service examinations. • The Civil Services was introduced by the Britishers to govern a vast country like India as they have realized the fact that India cannot be governed properly unless it is backed by a strong and efficient civil service. • They made sure that those who enter into civil service reflected the concerns of the impe­rial rulers and not that of ordinary people

11. Civil services • Britishers deliberately kept these officials away from ordinary citizens and made sure that they always protected the imperial interests. • But after independence, steps were taken to make sure that the term 'civil service' truly reflects its name with the officials expected to be civilized in their dealings and also have service orientation towards the people • The Indian Civil Service was carefully built up during the British rule into a powerful and efficient bureaucratic force. • With the gradual march of time, many more specialized services were established and the Public Works Department, Indian Police Service, Indian Forest Service, Indian Medical Service followed each other in succession.

12. Civil services • The British made exhaustive records of every plan, instruction, policy, decision, agreement and investigation, during the colonial rule. • This method of record keeping was adapted by the independent Indian administration • Thus, the British authorities undertook the process of converting India into a modem state. The present Indian administrative system is a legacy of the British rule.

13.  Local Administration • Lord Rippon is known as Father of local Self Government in India. In 1882, he made arrangements for electing representatives in village local bodies. • This proposal of Ripponwas also known as “Magnacarta of Local Self Government”. • Local self-government has been given constitutional status in 1992 by passing 73rd constitutional Amendment (rural government) and 74th Constitutional Amendment (Urban Govt) Act. These constitute an important part in democratic decentralization • The passage of 73rd and 74th Amendments brought significant changes in the working of local self governments providing them with real autonomy and independence.

14. Local Administration • Although Local Self Governments existed in India even before the arrival of British, they were given a statutory status by the British government. • But its functioning was not up to the mark because of the centralizing tendencies of British administration. • Later after Independence • The 73rd Constitutional Amendment act provides for a Gram Sabha as the foundation of the Panchayati Raj system. It is essentially a village assembly consisting of all the registered voters in the area of the panchayat. The state has the power to determine what kind of powers it can exercise, and what functions it has to perform at the village level. • The 74th Constitutional Amendment act provides for three types of Municipalities: •  Nagar Panchayat for a transitional area between a rural and urban area. •  Municipal Council for a small urban area. •  Municipal Corporation for a large urban area.

15. Local Administration Lord Rippon was appointed Viceroy of India in 1880. He introduced number of reforms for the welfare of rural people of India. He introduced local self governments in India and is known as the father of local self governments in India. Lord Rippon

16. Rule of law and independent judiciary • Rule of law is a mechanism that supports the equality of all citizens before the law, secures a nonarbitrary form of government, and more generally prevents the arbitrary use of power. • In general, the rule of law implies that the creation of laws, their enforcement, and the relationships among legal rules are themselves legally regulated, so that no one—including the most highly placed official—is above the law. • Rule of Law and judicial independence was introduced for the first time in India by the colonial rulers but only in certain areas and fields. • Actual implementation took place only after India gained full independence from the colonial masters. • Constitution provided much needed independence to judiciary and ensured stricter implementation of Rule of Law

17. Rule of law and independent judiciary • In India ,It provides that the constitution shall be the supreme power in the land and the legislative and the executive derive their authority from the constitution. • The rule of law is one of the fundamental principles of UK' s unwritten or uncodified constitution . • The Legislative procedure in India for the Union Government requires that proposed bills pass through the two legislative houses of the Parliament of India, i.e. the LokSabha and the RajyaSabha. • This is inspired by the British procedure of passing a Public Bill can start in either the House of Commons or the House of Lords

18. Rule of law and independent judiciary Warren Hastings

19. Important Laws passed by british that affected Indian Administration • Goverment of India Act-A law adopted by Indian constitution FROM British which granted a large measure of autonomy to the provinces of British India. Afederal system practiced in India • Criminalisation of homosexuality- • The criminalisation of homosexuality or what is popularly referred to as Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) dates back to 1860 when the British introduced it as sexual activities against the “order of nature.” The roots of the legality, however, can be found in European culture which for a long time had influenced Indian ways and thoughts. • Only very recently was homosexuality decriminalised.

20. Important Laws passed by british that affected Indian Administration • Personal Law Governor-General of India, Warren Hastings nurtured the personal laws of Hindus and Muslims. Under the Charter Act of 1753, Indians were explicitly spared from trying their suits and disputes in the Mayor’s court (highest court during the British rule) and were directed to resolve their disputes themselves, unless both the parties of the case subjected themselves to the jurisdiction of the court. Hastings Rule specifically demarcating the personal laws of Hindus and Muslims was rephrased in Cornwallis Code of 1793 and it is by this rule that personal laws found a firm ground in the 17th century and continues to be what it is

21. Important Laws passed by british that affected Indian Administration • Left Handed Traffic Arrangement • British started this system in 1800 in India. As per this system of transport, we still drive and walk at the left hand of the road. Though contrary to this, other countries of the world follows the right hand side rule on the road. The left handed transport system is prevalent in only few countries of the world including India. • Indian Police Act, 1861:  • This act was framed by British after the revolt of 1857. The main aim of the British Government before passing this law was to establish a Police force which can tackle any revolt against the • Government.Under this Act all the powers were concentrated in the hands of the State which used to act as a dictator government. But the irony is that India is a Sovereign republic now but this law is still in practice

22. Other contributions of british to indian administration • Comittee system The committee system was started by Britishers to do different work of government and administration such as amendments, investigate and advising. Different types of permanent and ad-hoc committees are formed in all government organisations. •  District Administration : Warren Hastings in 1772, first time created the post of Collector. After independence, the collector became key figure from political geographical and district public administration point of view. • Secretarial Services : Secretariat is a high level administrative organisation which constitutes politicians or secretary and other personnel. Secretariat is a very important part of the government whose function is to plan policies, law and control and most important advising the Ministers in performing their functions.