Automatic Image Annotation Using Group Sparsity

1. Automatic Image Annotation Using Group Sparsity Shaoting Zhang1, Junzhou Huang1, Yuchi Huang1, Yang Yu1, Hongsheng Li2, Dimitris Metaxas1 1CBIM, Rutgers University, NJ 2IDEA Lab, Lehigh University, PA

2. Introductions • Goal: image annotation is to automatically assign relevant text keywords to any given image, reflecting its content. • Previous methods: • Topic models [Barnard, et.al., J. Mach. Learn Res.’03; Putthividhya, et.al., CVPR’10] • Mixture models [Carneiro, et.al., TPAMI’07; Feng, et.al., CVPR’04] • Discriminative models [Grangier, et.al., TPAMI’08; Hertz, et.al., CVPR’04] • Nearest neighbor based methods [Makadia, et.al., ECCV’08; Guillaumin, et.al., ICCV’09]

3. Introductions • Limitations: • Features are often preselected, yet the properties of different features and feature combinations are not well investigated in the image annotation task. • Feature selection is not well investigated in this application. • Our method and contributions: • Use feature selection to solve annotation problem. • Use clustering prior and sparsity prior to guide the selection.

4. Outline • Regularization based Feature Selection • Annotation framework • L2 norm regularization • L1 norm regularization • Group sparsity based regularization • Obtain Image Pairs • Experiments

5. Regularization based Feature Selection • Given similar/dissimilar image pair list (P1,P2) …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… …… FP1 FP2 X

6. Regularization based Feature Selection 1 -1 1 1 … … … … … X w Y

7. Regularization based Feature Selection • Annotation framework Weights Similarity Testing input High similarity Training data

8. Regularization based Feature Selection • L2 regularization • Robust, solvable: (XTX+λI)-1XTY • No sparsity % w Histogram of weights

9. Regularization based Feature Selection • L1 regularization • Convex optimization • Basis pursuit, Grafting, Shooting, etc. • Sparsity prior % w Histogram of weights

10. Regularization based Feature Selection RGB HSV • Group sparsity[1] • L2 inside the same group, L1 for different groups • Benefits: removal of whole feature groups • Projected-gradient[2] =0 ≠0 [1] M. Yuan and Y. Lin. Model selection and estimation in regressionwith grouped variables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society,Series B, 68:49–67, 2006. [2] E. Berg, M. Schmidt, M. Friedlander, and K. Murphy. Group sparsityvia linear-time projection. In Technical report, TR-2008-09, 2008. http://www.cs.ubc.ca/~murphyk/Software/L1CRF/index.html

11. Outline • Regularization based Feature Selection • Obtain Image Pairs • Only rely on keyword similarity • Also rely on feedback information • Experiments

12. Obtain Image Pairs • Previous method[1] solely relies on keyword similarity, which induces a lot of noise. Distance histogram of similar pairs Distance histogram of all pairs [1] A. Makadia, V. Pavlovic, and S. Kumar. A new baseline for image annotation. In ECCV, pages 316–329, 2008.

13. Obtain Image Pairs • Inspired by the relevance feedback and the expectation maximization method. k1 nearest k2 farthest (candidates of dissimilar pairs) (candidates of similar pairs)

14. Outline • Regularization based Feature Selection • Obtain Image Pairs • Experiments • Experimental settings • Evaluation of regularization methods • Evaluation of generality • Some annotation results

15. Experimental Settings • Data protocols • Corel5K (5k images) • IAPR TC12[1] (20k images) • Evaluation • Average precision • Average recall • #keywords recalled (N+) [1] M. Grubinger, P. D. Clough, H. Muller, and T. Deselaers. The iapr tc-12 benchmark - a new evaluation resource for visual information systems. 2006.

16. Experimental Settings • Features • RGB, HSV, LAB • Opponent • rghistogram • Transformed color distribution • Color from Saliency[1] • Haar, Gabor[2] • SIFT[3], HOG[4] [1] X. Hou and L. Zhang. Saliency detection: A spectral residual approach. In CVPR, 2007. [2] A. Makadia, V. Pavlovic, and S. Kumar. A new baseline for image annotation. In ECCV, pages 316–329, 2008. [3] K. van de Sande, T. Gevers, and C. Snoek. Evaluating color descriptors for object and scene recognition. PAMI, 99(1),2010. [4] N. Dalal and B. Triggs. Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. In CVPR, pages 886–893, 2005.

17. Evaluation of Regularization Methods Precision Recall N+ Corel5K IIAPR TC12

18. Evaluation of Generality • Weights computed from Corel5K, then applied on IAPR TC12. N+ Precision Recall λ λ λ

19. Some Annotation Results

20. Conclusions and Future Work • Conclusions • Proposed a feature selection framework using both sparsity and clustering priors to annotate images. • The sparse solution improves the scalability. • Image pairs from relevance feedback perform much better. • Future work • Different grouping methods. • Automatically find groups (dynamic group sparsity). • More priors (combine with other methods). • Extend this framework to object recognition.

21. Thanks for listening