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Linguistic borders, language revitalisation and the imagining of new regional entities

Linguistic borders, language revitalisation and the imagining of new regional entities. Michel BERT , DDL & ICAR, University of Lyon, France michel.bert@univ-lyon2.fr James COSTA , ICAR, University of Lyon, France james.costa@ens-lyon.fr.

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Linguistic borders, language revitalisation and the imagining of new regional entities

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  1. Linguistic borders, language revitalisation and the imagining of new regional entities Michel BERT, DDL & ICAR, University of Lyon, France michel.bert@univ-lyon2.fr James COSTA, ICAR, University of Lyon, France james.costa@ens-lyon.fr Borders and Identities Newcastle upon Tyne, 8-9 January 2010

  2. Identity : 3 subnotions • Identification • Production of social image • Sense of belonging (Avanza & Laferté, 2005: 144)

  3. Part 1. Regional contextRhône-Alpes, a recent entity French regions The Rhône-Alpes Region

  4. Rhône-Alpes, a region without historical unity / legitimacy Current french regions and ancient provinces

  5. Rhône-Alpes, a region without geographic unity Les Alpes Le Beaujolais Sud de la Drôme L’Ardèche Le Rhône à Lyon

  6. Rhône-Alpes, a region without linguistic unity yellow: the Rhône-Alpes region

  7. FORA: a study on the vitality of Occitan and Francoprovençal in Rhône-Alpes • Appel d’offre (juillet 2006) • «Dresser un bilan réaliste de la situation des pratiques sociolinguistiques en Rhône-Alpes mais aussi rendre compte des attentes et espoirs des habitants de Rhône-Alpes en la matière» (Appel d'offre p.5) • «Préconiser les termes d’une politique pour la Région Rhône-Alpes, […] proposer des outils à mettre en place afin que cette politique soit portée à la connaissance des acteurs concernés et du grand public.» (Appel d'offre p. 2)

  8. FORA (Francoprovençal - Occitan - Rhône-Alpes):methodology and conclusions • Methodology • Surveys • Qualitative studies • Conclusions • 2 very endangered languages: • Few native speakers, all > 60 • No language transmission in the homes • Limited, private usages • Teaching : • Nothing in Francoprovençal, weak in Occitan • Associations (NGOs): • Networks of associations very different between FP and Occitan • Occitan: Provençalists vs. Occitanists, 2 different and competing perspectives Initial qualitative studies locations

  9. Part 2. Focus on one consensual limit: the Francoprovençal/Occitan limit/border

  10. Linguistic criteria • Francoprovençal / occitan : a limit based on a phonetic trait • Occitan : Latin A remains a (or > o) in all cases • ex. segar "to scythe", filha "daughter", portar "to carry", luna "moon" • Francoprovençal : • - Latin A preceded by a palatal consonant> i, e, ø… • ex. sayi "to scythe", filli "daughter" • - Latin A not preceded by a palatal consonantremainsa • ex. porta "to carry", luna "moon"  • concerns a large number of words - Feminine nouns and adjectives - A double conjugation system: Francoprovençal Occitan French verbs avsi, eae

  11. Occitanin Rhône-Alpesa transitional area? The CA / CHA isogloss Linguistic isoglosses in the Drôme (adapted from Bouvier 1976: 473)

  12. Occitanin Rhône-Alpesa transitional area? The CA / CHA isogloss Linguistic isoglosses in the Drôme (adapted from Bouvier 1976: 473)

  13. Who? • Individuals • Speakers • Activists • Institutions • The State • Ministry for Culture • Ministry for education • The Region

  14. Speakers Occitan speakers meeting in the Pilat

  15. Activists: Francoprovençal

  16. Activists: Occitan Occitanists Provençalists

  17. The State • The ministry for culture • Languages listed in the Cerquiglini’s 1999 document : • Basque • Breton • Catalan • Occitan (Gascon, Languedocien, Provençal, Auvergnat-Limousin, Alpin-Dauphinois) • Francoprovençal • …(75 languages in total) • The ministry for education • Languages which can be taught: • Breton, Basque, Occitan, Catalan, Alsacian (German), Corse, Gallo and Flemish.

  18. The Rhône-Alpes Regional Council Extract from the document adopted by the Regional Council in July 2009: “remarking that the Occitan dialect mostly spoken in RA outside southern Ardèche and Drome, vivaro-alpin or Eastern North-Occitan, displays several common traits with FP, authors explain that “the RA region was organised around Lyon as an economic centre, and that FP originates in the linguistic influence exerted by Lugdunum [Lyon, in Gaulish and Latin]. From this they conclude that “the vernacular (...) constitutes the strongest and most ancient elements of rhonalpine identity, since it proves that there existed, for over two millennia, a linguistic community comprising all the small areas which now form the region”

  19. Now what? Avanza, M., & Laferté, G. (2005). Dépasser la « construction des identités » ? Identification, image sociale, appartenance. Genèses, 61(4), 134-152. Bert M. (2001), Rencontres de Langues et francisation : l’exemple du Pilat, PhD thesis, University of Lyon2. Bert, M., Costa, J. & Martin J.-B. (2009), Francoprovençal Occitan Rhône-Alpes (FORA), Report for the Rhône-Alpes Regional Council. Bouvier, J.-Cl. (1976). (1976), Les parlers provençaux de la Drôme. Etude de géographie phonétique, Klincksieck, Paris. Tuaillon, G. (1964), "Limite nord du provençal à l’est du Rhône", Revue de linguistique romane, 28, p. 127-142.

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