Energy

1. Energy

2. What is it? • Brief history • How is it produced/extracted/harnessed? • How is it used? • The types • Diagram of how it works On your poster

4. Mechanical: (potential and kinetic) • Thermal: heat (vibration/movement of particles within a substance.) • Chemical: stored in bonds • Electrical: motion of electrons • Nuclear: stored in nuclei of atoms and is released by either splitting or joining the atoms. • Electromagnetic: energy that travels by waves Forms of Energy

5. Energy provides power to do work…so… Work is defined as a force exerted over a distance and power is the rate of flow of energy or the rate at which work is done. Newton: force needed to accelerate 1 kg by 1 m/sec Joule: the amount of work accomplished when a force of 1 newton is performed over 1 m or 1 ampre per second travels 1 ohm. Watt: 1 joule/sec kWh: 1000 watts exerted in 1 hour Calorie: 4.184 Joules 1 barrel of oil: 42 gallons Units

6. First Law: energy can be neither created or destroyed. It is simply transported or changed into another form. Ex: sunlight to chemical energy • Second Law: The universe tends to entropy. Most of energy in tropic levels is lost as heat. Laws of Thermodynamics

7. One of the biggest concerns is the amount of energy used to refine and produce energy into useable forms. • Example: when coal is used to produce electricity, nearly 65% of the original energy is lost during thermal conversion at the power plant. Another 10% is lost in electrical transmission and voltage changes for household use. • Still not convinced; about 75 % of oil’s original energy is lost during distillation into gasoline and other fuels, transportation to market, storage and engine combustion. • Okay, still more: natural gas has much less waste since it needs little refining. It is transported through underground pipelines and burned with 75-95% efficiency. It also contains more hydrogen-carbon atoms (1/2 less than coal and oil) reducing CO2 which reduces Global Warming. The Effects of Converting Energies

8. ENERGY SOURCES OF THE WORLD!

9. ENERGY Renewable resources can be replenished at a comparable rate to the rate of consumption. Energy sources like hydroelectric power, solar energy, and wind power are considered “perpetual resources” because they run no risk of depletion. SOURCES OF THE WORLD! RENEWABLE Renewable Energy Sources

10. ENERGY SOURCES OF Nonrenewable resources are energy sources like petroleum, propane, natural gas, coal, and nuclear energy that take millions of years to form and cannot be regenerated in a short period of time. THE WORLD! NONRENEWABLE Nonrenewable Energy Sources

11. HYDROELECTRIC POWER is generated when flowing waterturns turbines to run generators that convert energy into electricity. renewable PROS CONS HYDROELECTRIC

12. NUCLEAR ENERGY is generated in reactors, when nuclear fuel fission heats water, and the steam turns turbines to run the generators that convert energy into electricity. nonrenewable PROS CONS NUCLEAR ENERGY

13. Lets brainstorm what we remember about atoms and unstable atoms…

14. Each half-life, the amount of atoms gets cut in half.

15. One half-life.

16. Two half-lives.

17. Three half-lives.

18. Four half-lives.

19. Don’t worry about the last atom. You start with so many trillions that you never really get there. (It will just decay and then they’re all gone.)

20. A 48 gram sample of a radioactive element was formed in a 1960 explosion of an atomic bomb at Johnson Island in the Pacific Test Site. The half-life of the radioactive element is 28 years. How much of this element will remain after 112 years? • An element has a half-life of 29 hours. If 100 mg of the element decays over a period of 58 hours, how many mg of the element will remain? Now lets work a problem

21. Proposed by King M. Hubbert • Indicates that the peak production has already occurred. • Some scientists disagree (we have another decade) • The importance = we need to find other sources. Hubbert’s Peak

22. COAL is formed from trees and plants in vast primeval forests, when heat and pressure turned decayed matter into coal. Coal is a part of the fossil fuels family. nonrenewable PROS CONS COAL

23. PETROLEUM is formed from animals and plants that lived millions of years ago when heat and pressure turned decayed matter into crude oil. nonrenewable PROS CONS PETROLEUM

24. Sedimentary rock that contains bitumen (a hydrocarbon). • Process to extract- • Surface mine heat refine (just like oil) Oil sand

25. NATURAL GAS consists primarily of methane but includes significant quantities of ethane, butane, propane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium, and hydrogen sulfide. nonrenewable PROS CONS NATURAL GAS

26. Fukushima: 2011 Earthquake/Tsunami caused meltdown of nuclear power plant. • Exxon Valdez- 1989 in the Prince William Sound. • Three Mile Island: Biggest Nuclear disaster in US. 1979. (Only partial meltdown) • Chernobyl: Ukraine: Worst nuclear disaster in the world. • Santa Barbara: site of coastal oil spill in 1969 The Dark Side

27. FRQ TIME!!!!!!

28. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY is generated by heat in the earth’s core. It is found underground by drilling steam wells (like oil drilling). There is a global debate as to whether geothermal energy is renewable or nonrenewable. nonrenewable renewable PROS CONS GEOTHERMAL

29. SOLAR ENERGY is generated when photovoltaic (PV) cells convert heat from the sun directly into electricity. renewable PROS CONS SOLAR ENERGY

30. WIND POWER is generated when wind turns turbines to run the generators that convert energy into electricity, which is then stored in batteries. renewable PROS CONS WIND POWER

31. HYDROGEN is found in combination with oxygen in water, but it is also present in organic matter such as living plants, petroleum, or coal. Hydrogen fuel is a byproduct of chemically-mixing hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, water, and heat. It’s stored in a “cell” or battery. renewable PROS CONS HYDROGEN

32. PROPANE is produced as a byproduct from natural gas processing and crude oil refining. It burns hotter and more evenly than other fuels. nonrenewable PROS CONS PROPANE

33. BIOMASS is produced from vegetable oils, animal fats, recycled restaurant greases, and other byproducts of plant, agricultural, and forestry processing or industrial and human waste products. renewable PROS CONS BIOMASS

34. ETHANOL is a subset of biomass that is manufactured from alcohols, ethers, esters, and other chemicals extracted from plant and tree residue. It can be made from corn, sugar, wheat, and barley. PROS CONS ETHANOL

35. ENERGY SOURCES OF THE WORLD!

36. Energy Efficiency vs. Conservation

37. Technology that requires less energy to perform the same function. • Any behavior that results in the use of less energy. • Energy Star Appliances • Two degree adjustment of your thermostat (prevent 500 lbs of carbon) • Programablethemostats • Using an insulation with an R value of 26 or greater. • Weather strips • Windows with a low U value ( 1.1 bad and .22 good) • Strategically placing trees and shurbs • Use CFL’s (compact florescent light bulbs) (260 lbs a year) • Low flow showerheads • Showers instead of baths • Fix leaking faucets • Cold to wash clothes • Lower the temperature of your water heater • Combine errands • Turn off engines • Have your car serviced • Keep tires inflated to recommended amount • Don’t : accelerate quickly, travel at high speeds, (lowers efficiency by 15%, • Recycle

38. Personal Energy Inventory

39. http://oaspub.epa.gov/powpro/ept_pack.charts How much Energy?!?!?!

40. http://www.midlandisd.net/Page/18763 What about worldwide usage???