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Prokaryotic cell reproduction Binary Fission

Prokaryotic cell reproduction Binary Fission. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle. Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis. Mitosis : cell reproduction for growth and replacement of cells. This makes identical copies (clones)

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Prokaryotic cell reproduction Binary Fission

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  1. Prokaryotic cell reproductionBinary Fission

  2. Eukaryotic Cell Cycle

  3. Eukaryotic Cell Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis Mitosis: cell reproduction for growth and replacement of cells. This makes identical copies (clones) Meiosis: cell reproduction for the production of gametes, such as egg and sperm (sex cells) How many chromosomes in a human cell such as a skin cell? How many chromosomes in egg and sperm?

  4. Human Karyotype Is this person male or female?

  5. 46 chromosomes 46 chromosomes replication 46 46 chromatids chromatids 46 46 chromosomes chromosomes 23 23 23 23 Mitosis One division Meiosis Two divisions chromosomes

  6. Mitosis: cell reproduction for growth and replacement of cells. This makes identical copies (clones) What are some examples of mitosis in the body? • Cuts and scrapes • Embryonic growth • Aging • Stomach cells What are some examples of mitosis in other organisms? • Asexual reproduction (budding and fragmentation) • Plants: growth of roots and stems • Regeneration (starfish arm, lizard tail)

  7. 46 chromosomes 46 chromosomes replication 46 46 chromatids chromatids 46 46 chromosomes chromosomes 23 23 23 23 Mitosis One division Meiosis Two divisions chromosomes

  8. Sister Chromatids centromere DNA Replication Chromosome Sister Chromatids

  9. Phases in Mitosis • Interphase: DNA replication • Prophase: chromosomes thicken, nucleus disappears • Metaphase: chromosomes line up at center • Anaphase: centromeres split, sister chromatids separate • Telophase: cytokinesis, division of the cytoplasm

  10. Applications of Mitosis? Cancer = abnormal growth of cells

  11. Control of the Cell Cycle MPF is a protein that triggers mitosis. Where is MPF in high amounts and in low amounts?

  12. Regulation of Cell Cycle • What controls cell reproduction? • MPF = Maturation Promoting FactorMPF = cyclin + cdk (cdc2)Protein Kinase = activates other proteinsi.e. spindle fibers that move chromosomes • Two functions of MPF:1. triggers mitosis2. activates enzymes to breakdown cyclin (negative feedback)

  13. Cancer • Transformation = process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell • Tumor = loss of cell cycle control = abnormal growth of cells • Benign = noncancerous, Malignant = cancerous • Metastasis = spread rate of a malignant cancer to locations other than their origin (tumor cells enter blood vessels and travel to other parts of the body)

  14. Meiosis: cell reproduction for the production of gametes, such as egg and sperm (sex cells) • Meiosis cuts the number of chromosomes in half • Meiosis occurs in gonads • Gonads are reproductive organs (such as ovaries and testes) • 2 divisions1st Meiotic division 2nd Meiotic divisionInterphase Prophase IIProphase I Metaphase II • Metaphase I Anaphase IIAnaphase I Telophase IITelophase I

  15. Homologous Pair (Homologous Chromosomes) • Chromosomes that carry genes in the same place for the same traits • One is maternal in origin (from the egg) • The other is paternal in origin (from the sperm) Hair color Eye color hitchikers earlobes Skin tone widow’s

  16. 1st Meiotic Division • Interphase: DNA replication • Prophase I: crossing over • Metaphase I: independent assortment • Anaphase I: homologous pairs separate, centromeres intact • Telophase I: cytokinesis

  17. 2nd Meiotic Division • Prophase II: reorganization, no crossing over • Metaphase II: chromosomes line up with centromere on line • Anaphase II: centromere splits, sister chromatids separate • Telophase II: cytokinesis

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