Sleep

1. Sleep

2. Active Do Now Think of a time (if any) that you have pulled an all nighter, or stayed up for an extended period of time (24+ hours). • What “symptoms” did you experience? • What emotions did you feel as you got to the latter part of your awakeness? • How would pulling an “all-nighter” on a school night affect your performance in school?

4. Why do we sleep? • Crucial for concentration memory, coordination, and emotional health • Heals and Repairs Body • Lack of sleep increases risk of a variety of health problems • Including diabetes, cardiovasculardisease, heart attacks, strokes, high blood pressure, obesity, and infections

5. Lack of Sleep BAD • Sleep is crucial for concentration, memory, coordination, and even emotional health • Loss of sleep can have just as much of an effect as drinking alcohol • Lack of sleep increases risk for health problems including diabetes, cardiovascular disease and heart attacks, stroke, depression, high blood pressure, obesity, and infections.

6. More About Sleep Sleep consists of several stages. They alternate between sleep-wake states. Sleep stages are accompanied by daily rhythms in body temperature, hormones, and other functions.

7. Review What are the four important things that sleep affects? Concentration, memory, coordination, emotional health Loss of sleep can have just as much of an effect as _______________________________ drinking alcohol Name some of the diseases associated with lack of sleep. Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease and Heart attacks, Stroke, Depression, High blood pressure, Obesity, and Infections.

8. Any Guess on what the contraption attached to this girl’s head is? Electroencephalogram (EEG)

9. How to study sleep? Electroencephalograph: measures Brain Waves https://www.mysleepapneatest.com/diagnosing-osa/

10. Brain Activity During Sleep • The first hour of sleep: • Brain progresses through a series of stages where the brain waves slow down. This slow wave sleep Is accompanied by relaxation of the muscles of the eyes. • Heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature fall. • If awakened at this time, most people only recall fragmented thoughts, not active dreams. One Hour In…. In the 1950’s, sleep’s various stages were discovered using EEG (electroencephalogram) to exam human brain waves.

11. Brain Activity During Sleep Over the Next Half Hour… • Brain activity changes from deep slow waves (referring to EEG) to rapid eye movement (REM). • REM EEG waves similar to when awake. • REM is accompanied by atonia which is paralysis of the body’s muscles, except for the muscles that control breathing and eyemovements.

12. Brain Activity During Sleep • The REM phase is where activedreamingtakes place. • Heartrate, bloodpressure, and bodytempbecome much more variable. • First rounds of REM phase usually last between 10-15 minutes.

14. Stages of Sleep • What are Dreams? Nova (documentary): • 15:39min-16:44min SfN Brain Facts

15. Slow wave sleep • Relaxation of the muscles and eyes • ↓Heart rate, blood pressure, temperature • Fragmented thoughts (if woken up) • Over the night– slow wave sleep less deep • Babies: much longer in deep slow-wave sleep

16. REM Sleep (REM=Rapid Eye Movements) • Body paralysis(except muscles for breathing and eyes): • Atonia • Dreams • Variable: • Heart rate, blood pressure, temperature • Possibly Erections(men) • Over the night– REM sleep longer periods

17. Questions • What happens to heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature during: • slow wave sleep? • DECREASED • REM? • VARIABLE • What happens to the body muscles during: • RELAXED • slow wave sleep? • REM? • PARALYSIS (except muscles for breathing and eye movments) • What do people report if woken up during: • slow wave sleep? • FRAGMENTED THOUGHTS • REM? • DREAMS

18. Brain Activity During Sleep • Continued…. • Slow wave and REM sleep alternate throughout the night • Sleep cycles change over the pattern of a lifetime. As they mature, children spend less time asleep and less time in a deep slow wave sleep. Infants sleep up to 18 hours a day. Spend more time in a deep, slow wave sleep. May sleep only 6-7 hours a night. Spend very little time in slow wave sleep.

20. SLOW WAVE VS REM WAIT! Can you fill in the blanks?

21. SLOW WAVE VS REM *Neocortical: involving the neocortex of the cebreum **Neocortex: part of the cerebrum concerned with sight and sound; most recently evolved part of the cortex

22. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWULB9Aoopc

38. Sleep Disorders • Affects up to 70 million people, most are undiagnosed + untreated. • *least recognized source of disease, disability, and even death. • Costing an estimated $15.9 billion annually • The most common sleep disorder: Insomnia

39. SLEEP DISORDERS

40. Increased daytime sleepiness due to sleeping disorders can cause an increased risk of daytime accidents, especially automobile accidents.

41. INSOMNIA • Difficulty falling asleep • Falling asleep and awakening partway through the night and can’t sleep again • Sedatives help but do not provide natural and restful sleep

42. OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA • Airway muscles relax, collapse, and prevent breathing • Arousal prevents sufferer from deep sleep • Can cause high blood pressure and increased risk of heart attack

43. OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEATreatments • Devices that induce continuous positive airway pressure to keep the airway open: Small mask over the nose • Surgery • Simple things like losing weight, avoiding alcohol and sedatives before sleep, not sleeping on one’s back

44. PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENTS • Know anything about it? • Jerking of legs and arms • Cause arousal from sleep • REM behavior disorder • Muscles fail to paralyze during REM sleep • People act out their dreams by getting up and moving around.

45. PERIODIC LIMB MOVEMENTS & REM Behavior Disorder • Both are more common in people with Parkinson’s disease • How might they be treated? • Treated with similar drugs, or with a benzodiazepine (clonazepam) • What are BENZO’s used for?

46. NARCOLEPSY - Sleep Attacks • Affects 1 in 3,000 people • Switching mechanisms controlling the transitions into sleep are dysfunctional • Due to loss of nerve cells in the lateral hypothalamus that contain the neurotransmitter orexin (also known as hypocretin)

47. NARCOLEPSY • Suddenly falling asleep (Sleep Attacks) • Socially disruptive and dangerous • Enter REM sleep quickly • Sometimes actively dream while partially awake – hypnagogic hallucination

48. Narcolepsy • What do we call a dreaming state while still partially awake? • Hypnagogic hallucination. • Cataplexy: • Attacks during which subject loses muscle tone — a state similar to what occurs during REM sleep but instead happens while they are awake. • Can be triggered by emotional experiences, even by hearing a funny joke. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3aM-aSOvrXg

49. Review • Name four sleeping disorders. • Insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, periodic limb movements, narcolepsy • What induces obstructive sleep apnea? • Collapsing airways due to muscles in the throat becoming too relaxed • Which disorder is commonly related to Parkinson’s disease? • Periodic limb movements • How do you treat it? • Parkinson Drugs or A benzodiazepine - clonazepam • Why is narcolepsy dangerous? • Falling asleep in traffic • Narcolepsy typically involves a quick transition into which type of sleep? • REM sleep

50. Narcolepsy • Sleep attacks during the day: • Suddenly fall asleep • Hypnagogic hallucinations = dreams while partially awake • Cataplexy = sudden loss of muscle tone (may be triggered by intense emotions) • Due to: • Loss of nerve cells in lateral hypothalamus (containing the neurotransmitter orexin/hypocretin) • Narcolepsy Dog: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X0h2nleWTwI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zVCYdrw-1o