Digestion and Nutrition

1. Digestion and Nutrition

2. Ruminant digestive system • Mouth- bites and chews food • Rumen- large part of ruminant’s stomach where bacteria change large amounts of roughages into amino acids

3. Ruminant digestive system • Reticulum- the part of the ruminant stomach where liquids go • Omasum- grinds and squeezes feed and removes 60-70% of the liquid

4. Ruminant digestive system • Abomasum- true stomach where liquids go • Small intestine- partially digested feed is mixed with bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal juice. Most food nutrients are absorbed from the villi in the small intestine

5. Ruminant digestive system • Large intestine- main function is to absorb water and to add mucus to the undigested feed, which is feces • Esophagus- connects the mouth to the stomach • A ruminant has a 4 part stomach, but the rumen and reticulum take up about 85% of the capacity

6. Ruminant digestive system http://asnet.tamu.edu/www/kids/rumen.htm

7. Ruminant microbes http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/dlc-me/zoo/zac0278.html

8. Non-ruminant digestive system • Mouth • Esophagus • Stomach- enzymes act on feed, churns and mixes feed • Small intestine- partially digested feed is mixed with bile, pancreatic juice, and intestinal juice. Most food nutrients are absorbed from the villi in the small intestine

9. Non-ruminant digestive system • Liver- produces bile that acts on fats • Large intestine- absorbs water and adds mucus to the undigested feed, which is feces • Anus- end of tract • Non-ruminants cannot eat and digest as much roughage as ruminants

10. Non-ruminant http://gened.emc.maricopa.edu/bio/bio181/BIOBK/BioBookDIGEST.html

11. Poultry digestive system • Mouth- pecks because poultry have NO teeth • Esophagus- connects mouth to crop • Crop- stores feed

12. Poultry digestive system • Gizzard- crushes and mixes feed with digestive juices, usually contains grit and gravel to assist in crushing feed particles • Liver- produces bile that acts on fats

13. Poultry digestive system • Small intestine- mixes juices and most food nutrient absorption occurs • Large intestine- absorbs water and adds mucus to undigested feed, which is feces • Vent- anus where both solid wastes (feces) and liquid wastes (urine) pass out of the body • Poultry digestive system has several special features because poultry have no teeth

14. Poultry digestive system http://www.ahsc.arizona.edu/uac/iacuc/poultry/species.shtml

15. Appearance and location of parts • Mouth- opening to digestive system on animal’s head • Esophagus- tube-like structure that connects mouth to stomach or to crop in poultry • Stomach- storage chamber for mixing and digesting feed • Rumen- the largest compartment of a ruminant’s stomach

16. Appearance and location of parts • Liver- dark brown, lobed organ beneath the stomach or crop • Small intestine- long tube with partially digested feed in it • Large intestine- large, relatively short compartment with feces in it • Anus (or vent in poultry)- the outside opening on the rear end of an animal where waste leaves the animal

17. Groups of nutrients • Carbohydrates- main energy nutrients • Made up of sugars, starches, cellulose, and lignin • Found in the greatest quantities in livestock feed • Chemically composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

18. Groups of nutrients • Fats and oils- 2.25 times the energy value of carbohydrates • At body temperature, fats are solids and oils are liquid • They carry the fat-soluble vitamins • Extra carbohydrates are stored as fat • Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

19. Groups of nutrients • Proteins- organic compounds made up of amino acids • Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen and sometimes sulfur, phosphorus, and/or iron

20. Groups of nutrients • Vitamins- trace organic compounds • All contain carbon • Minerals- inorganic materials or compounds needed in small amounts, no carbon

21. Group of nutrients • Water- makes up 40-80% of an animal’s body

22. Functions of nutrients • Carbohydrates- provide energy • Fats and oils- furnish 2.25 times the energy value of carbohydrates and carry fat soluble vitamins • Proteins- supply material to build body tissues such as muscles, skin and hair

23. Functions of nutrients • Vitamins- help regulate many body functions and are designated by letters: A, B, C, D, E, K • Minerals: provide material for growth of bones, teeth and body tissue and regulates many of the vital chemical body processes

24. Functions of nutrients • Water- helps dissolve other nutrients and carry them to different parts of the body

25. Sources of nutrients • Carbohydrates: cereal grains such as corn, wheat, oats, rye, barley, and sorghum • Fats and Oils: grains and protein concentrates

26. Sources of nutrients • Proteins: plant sources include soybean meal, cottonseed meal, alfalfa meal, and animal sources include meat meal, fish meal, dried milk and synthetic nitrogen source of urea

27. Sources of nutrients • Vitamins and Minerals: most feed ingredients, pre-mixes are added to feed • Water: usually supplied separated from other nutrients, liquid form

28. Specific feed sources • Carbohydrates: corn is most commonly used in US • Fats and oils: regular feed ingredients • Proteins: animal sources: fish meal, meat meal plant sources: soybean meal, cottonseed meal

29. Specific feed sources • Vitamins: pre-mix • Minerals: pre-mix and mineral blocks • Water: plumbing, wells • For ruminants, alfalfa hay provides some energy and high fiber. Molasses can be added to improve taste (palatability) and reduce feed dust

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