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COMP 1017: Digital Technologies

COMP 1017: Digital Technologies. Session 7: Motherboards. What is a motherboard?. The main PCB within a PC or within another computer Contains all the essential components and connectors for extras. What are the essentials (input)?. Connectors and drivers for Keyboard Mouse

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COMP 1017: Digital Technologies

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  1. COMP 1017: Digital Technologies Session 7: Motherboards

  2. What is a motherboard? • The main PCB within a PC • or within another computer • Contains all the essential components • and connectors for extras

  3. What are the essentials (input)? • Connectors and drivers for • Keyboard • Mouse • Multi-purpose connectors for other input devices

  4. What are the essentials (processing)? • CPU • Memory • But not storage • Multi-purpose connectors for storage devices

  5. What are the essentials (output)? • Connector for screen output controller • Usually needs a separate circuit board • Multi-purpose connectors for other output devices

  6. Speed of computer components • Very variable • Fast components can waste time waiting for slower components • Direct communication not normally possible between components of very different speeds

  7. CD Rom TV Camera Joystick IDE HDD Keyboard Scanner VDU Mouse Audio 10 B/s 100 B/s 1kB/s 10 kB/s 100 kB/s 1 MB/s 10 MB/s 100 MB/s I/O devices sorted by bandwidth

  8. Slow devices • Keyboard • Mouse • Joystick • Audio

  9. Fast devices • VDU • Hard drive • CD-ROM • Scanner

  10. Even faster devices • Processor • Memory (RAM and cache) • Graphics processors

  11. Connection Connection Layout of component connections Extremely fast components talking directly to each other North Bridge Fast components talking directly to each other South Bridge Slow components talking directly to each other

  12. Buffers • Areas of memory/storage where communications are stored before forwarding • Message from slow device received and stored in buffer • Then sent quickly to fast device • Message from fast devices stored • And then sent slowly to slow device

  13. Pentium III Incredibly Fast Cache Organizing components by their speeds Main Memory 440North Bridge Very Fast Graphics PCI Bus Fast SCSI IDE DIsk South Bridge USB Graphics KBd Mouse ISA Bus Slow Modem Sound Printer Resulting arrangement

  14. Bus • Communications link between computer components • Only one device can send a message at any one time • Others have to wait • Can be parallel • several wires • so several bits can be transmitted simultaneously • Or serial • One wire (cheaper) • But only one bit at a time (slower)

  15. ISA bus • ISA = Industry Standard Association • Early (1981-1984) communications standard between computer components • Speed: up to 16 MB s-1 • 8 or 16-bit parallel connections

  16. PCI bus • PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect • Later (1990-1993) communications standard between computer components • Speed: up to 133 MB s-1 • 32-bit parallel connection • ‘Plug and play’ – no set-up needed

  17. PCI slot ISA slot Motherboard with PCI and ISA slotsfrom http://www.ibase-i.com.tw/mb700pixel600.jpg

  18. More modern arrangement • Idea copied from networking • Hub connecting components of similar speed • Hub at centre; components at ends of ‘spokes’ • Hubs communicate with each other

  19. Hubs • MCH = Memory Control Hub • Connects very fast devices together in a ‘star’ configuration • I(O)CH = Input-output Control Hub • Connects together slower devices, also in a star configuration • The two hubs communicate with each other

  20. MCH and I(O)CHfrom http://www.3dnews.ru/motherboard/intel-ht-chipset/

  21. MCH ICH Motherboard with MCH and ICHfrom http://www.tomshardware.com/motherboard/20040712/i865-i875-mobos-21.html

  22. Why are the components arranged this way? • Longer wires mean more time to send messages • also means degradation of message at high speed • Important for fast components to be close together • Not so vital for slower components

  23. AGP slot Socket for processor MCH ICH Slots for RAM cards Motherboard with MCH and ICHfrom http://www.tomshardware.com/motherboard/20040712/i865-i875-mobos-21.html

  24. Motherboardfrom http://www.techiwarehouse.com/cms/articles.php?cat=13

  25. Motherboard connectorsfrom http://www.techiwarehouse.com/cms/articles.php?cat=13

  26. Connectors • Parallel port: usually for printers • Serial port: old printers • PS/2 connectors: ‘traditional’ mouse and keyboard connections • VGA port: VDU output • RJ-45 connector: Network connection

  27. USB • USB = Universal Serial Bus • 480 Mb per second (USB 2.0) • No need for masses of parallel connections • Can be used for most peripherals • Other similar standards available, e.g. Firewire, SCSI

  28. Daughter boards • Add-in boards that plug into slots on the motherboard • e.g. ISA, PCI, AGP, memory,… • Often have their own external connections through the back panel

  29. Motherboard with expansion boardfrom http://www.answers.com/topic/motherboard

  30. End

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