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Emergence of Urban America

Emergence of Urban America. Growing Pains. Chapter Objectives. Describe city growth in the late nineteenth century. Account for the new immigration and the reaction that it engendered. Discuss the development of an urban popular culture.

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Emergence of Urban America

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  1. Emergence of Urban America Growing Pains

  2. Chapter Objectives Describe city growth in the late nineteenth century. Account for the new immigration and the reaction that it engendered. Discuss the development of an urban popular culture. Explain the concepts of social Darwinism and reform Darwinism. Appreciate the realist and naturalist movements in literature. Explain the social gospel and describe its manifestations.

  3. Urbanisation

  4. Growth of Cities • Vertical Growth • Elevators • Heating system • Use of steel • Horizontal Growth • Mass transit • Cable cars • El-trains • Electric trolley • Suburbs • segregation

  5. City Life • Attractions • Vaudeville Shows • Department stores • Electric lights • Streetcars • Crowded • Tenement Housing • Six to eight stories • 24 to 30 families in each building • Disease rampant • Fires hazard • Poor ventilation • Communal outside toilets

  6. Cities and Environment • Disease • Filth • Sanitary reformers • Banished hogs and cattle • Trash collection • Sewer system • Water pollution • Waste dumped in water ways

  7. New Immigration • Sources of Immigration • Rural America • Abroad • Prior to 1880s northern western Europe • Southern and eastern Europe • Push/Pull Factors • Companies imported labor • Under control of employers • Castle Garden • Closed in 1890 due to corruption • Ellis Island • 1892 • Receiving Center

  8. Nativist Response to Immigration • Threat to way of life and their jobs • Criminals • Religious prejudices • Anti-Catholic • Anti-Semitic • Sought to stop flow of immigrants • Chinese Exclusion Action 1882 • Shut door to Chinese immigration

  9. Popular Culture • Vaudeville • Variety shows • Outdoor recreation • Parks • Tennis • Bicycling • Ethnic and working-class recreation • Saloons and dance halls • Poor man social club • Refuge for those who lived in tenements • Women and leisure

  10. Spectator Sports • Urban location • Easy gather • Unified divers ethnic groups • Football • Modified form of rugby and soccer • Basketball, 1891 • Dr. James Naismith • Springfield, Mass • Create a winter indoor game to play in between football and soccer seasons • Baseball • Alexander Cartwright • America’s favorite pass time

  11. Urban Politics • Need for central organization • Political Machine • Coordinate citywide services • Headed by a boss • Provided needed services • food, coal money for poor, job placement, English classes, • social gatherings • Sports teams • Social clubs • Community Gatherings • Corruption • Graft • Kickbacks and payoffs

  12. Theories of society • Darwinism • Charles Darwin • Species Evolution • “Natural Selection” • Hotly contested conventional religious views of biblical creation • Social Darwinism • Herbert Spencer • “survival of the fittest” • Hands off policy of government

  13. Literature • Local Colorist • Nostalgia for rural culture • Backward looking

  14. Mark Twain • Samuel Clemons • Missouri Native • First Great American writer born west of Appalachian Mts. • Adventures of Tom Sawyer • Huckleberry Finn

  15. Literary naturalism • Literary naturalism • Scientific determinism in literature • Social conditions, environment shaped human character • writings replicated scenes from everyday life • Stephen Crane • Maggie: A Girl of the Streets • Red Badge of Courage • Jack London • Wrote of triumph and will to survive • The Call of the Wild • Theodore Dreiser • Protagonist sins without remorse • Sister Carrie

  16. Social criticism • Henry George • Progress and Poverty • Attempt to explain why poverty existed despite technological advances • Thorstein Veblen • Theory of the Leisure Life Class • and conspicuous consumption • Spending money to show that you had money • Buying elaborate

  17. religious response • The Abandonment of inner-city churches • Churches followed the middle class to suburbs • Development of the institutional church • Churches began to responded to the human needs of the time • Provided community service care • Developed social features • Libraries, lecture rooms and gyms • YMCA and the Salvation Army • Institutional churches • Social Gospel • Applying Christian ethics to social problems

  18. Settlement House Movement • Sought to improve lives of those who dwelled in slum areas • Majority of settlement workers women • Hull House • Chicago

  19. Women’s jobs and rights • Growth of the female labor force • 1880- 2.6 million • 1890- 4 million • 1900 -5.1 million • 1910 -7.5 million • Domestic work, teaching and nursing • Clerical work • Women’s suffrage • Susan B. Anthony • Conflicts in the movement • issues of the vote • Gains in the states • Washington and California • Other women’s efforts

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