A Novel Self-Organizing Network Algorithm For Modeled HetNets LTE-Advanced Through Hybrid Fractional Frequency Reuse (HF

1. A Novel Self-Organizing Network Algorithm For Modeled HetNets LTE-Advanced Through Hybrid Fractional Frequency Reuse (HFFR) Scheme Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in Computer Science & Engineering Submitted by Mona lamba Reg. No.-09RITS1132 Roll No.-14M1A11 Under the Guidance of Mr. MARENDER.DAGAR Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science & Engineering Shri Ram College of Engineering and Management, Palwal, Haryana

2. Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION For developing to 4G mobile communications, the need to evolve the systems towards giving support to a broader range of telecommunication uses, including multimedia service, is increasingly obtaining significance. Consequently, ITU prolongs 4G technique as IMT-Advanced, and exhibits high network convergence, data rate, ubiquitous and continuous link as features. Successively, mobile operators now face the issue of preserving these increasingly complex networks constitute of many Radio Access Technologies (RATs), different cell types and subscribers with a variety of QoS requirements. The earning of the mobile operators is, usually, degrading simultaneously. Therefore, it is important that combining and operating novel and usable network nodes require minimal manual efforts to control OPEX. Therefore, considerable industry momentum has construct currently to set up Self-Organizing Network (SON) characteristics that can manage mobile network deployment, operation and management. Within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) standardization, SON was among the early system requirements; SON characteristics were included in the first 3GPP LTE Release.. 1.1 3G LTE network structure SON works in 3GPP has been inspired by sufficient by SON studies and the set of requirements explained by the operators‘ bond, Next Generation Mobile Network. As a technique which satisfies above specified conditions, LTE -Advanced is in the significance now. As indicated in Fig 1, 3G LTE uses backbone relied on ALL-IP, interworking with different networks continuously. The service stipulate from 3GPP LTE- Advanced is always joined with data rate of over greater 100Mbps and lower delay; it is feasible to continuously interwork with sufficient facilities in HSDPA and WCDMA networks. In case of choosing 3GPP LTE-Advanced, it is possible to link obtainable 4G and 3G networks, so all of transmission services could be used with only one mobile For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

3. terminal. The most unusual process for this is service continuity technique by seamless link. LTE-Advanced should provide high-speed data transmission primarily in hot-spot space, and gives service continuity during session movement and movement terminal with only a mobile terminal. Since, in LTE-Advanced where many networks usable, it is actually complex to give service continuity essentially. And due to every resource in LTE- Advanced system and the network state i.e. bandwidth, error rate replace variably, it is assumed that it is not possible to manage service continuity with artificial, procedural, and static management method employed to the usable voice service. As a solution for this, we suggest a self-organizing network (SON) concept in LTE-Advanced. it is targeted at constructing heterogeneous networks spread more stably and efficiently through employing self-organization concept that different networks unite and act each other for better impact, so that it has got a lot of care as core technology to hire commercial system of future mobile communication networks after 4G as well as LTE-Advanced. As of yet, it generally concentrates on growth of physical aspect i.e. performance enhancement, establishing base stations and ability expansion, but it is seen that if a mechanism which assures service continuity relied on self-monitoring process is developed, it will play a important role in market expansion of LTE-Advanced; self-monitoring is a technique for performing traffic management and improving resource ability by examining some surrounding information about neighboring terminals and cells, which is the central technology of SON. Figure 1.1 3G LTE network structure For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

4. We recommend a service self-organization technique to sustain the service continuity effectively depending on SON, in which a mobile terminal collects some news about its current state of every cell and a base station, depending on the news collected by maintaining inner or neighbouring cells, managing service continuity on its own and distributes related data and converges. In other words, related news of cells and mobile terminals changes, the operation of context functions i.e. cell selection, ISHO, load management, source assignment and QoS mapping is followed; every function is appropriate into the change, exchanges the phenomenon of reorganization, and interacts; these activities go toward to satisfy service continuity. In current literature, SON has been exhibited. SON associates to Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT). An essential driver for mobile operators implementing SON is to diminish OPEX and CAPEX in all phases of the network engineering life cycle: planning, deployment, and operation. The SON characteristics also targeted to enhance network performance. The use of SON is essential, if not predictable, for most operators operating multi- vendor, multi-RAT and multi-layer networks in which an overloading no. of features has to be gathered and analyzed. For SON to be desirable to mobile operators, its advantages, included both performance improvement and OPEX/CAPEX degradation, should exceed in weight the cost to implement and to preserve SON-related services. Towards this aim, operators have a no. of high-level goals for every phase of the network engineering life cycle: 1 Planning of current sites (or extension of available ones) should be as simple, time- and cost effective as possible, lead to the less no. of sites (or the most cost-efficient deployment) for a needed performance, and relied on sufficiently right news. 2 Deployment of new sites should be as simple as possible with the less cost and effort— i.e, ―plug and play‖—and with no interoperability problems. 3 Operation of the network(s) should also be as simple as possible with the less cost and attempt, allow for fast and effective identification of an issue and its reason, suggest immediate (and preferably automatic) reaction to aspects (for example, self-optimization and self-healing), and conclude the best possible performance and optimum use of the deployed resources. A brief of SON services and where they are sufficient in the network For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

5. engineering life cycle is overviewed in Fig. 1. This fig shows that operational effectiveness for mobile operators is needed to enhance as current SON characteristics become existed. By operational effectiveness, we mean effectiveness in endeavor and cost spent in deployment, planning and operation, as well as network achievement. This article gives a summary of SON 3GPP standardization, including its relation to MDT and its needed usage in the three network engineering phases. First, usable SON solutions in 3GPP (up to Release 11, ended in early 2013) are described. Following that a brief of ongoing SON standardization (such as Release 12, need to be accomplished at the end of 2014) and a future vision for SON is given. At last, we give a point of view on how these solutions are associate to mobile operators, including potential issues. Figure 1.2: SON Algorithm 3GPP is an organization for standardizing LTE which is known as 3.9th generation with GSM, HSDPA, WCDMA hired by new 89% of mobile communication users. It has been execute the standardization of LTE-Advanced for satisfying the system requirement of IMT-Advanced by complement of LTE technology. Though it is complex to expect that LTE-Advanced is more developed in epochal technology in comparation of LTE, it is recommended to be improved in the area of broadband support, network cooperative For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

6. communication, many antenna spread, SON technology. The examiner on the idea of common radio resource administration, whose goal is to keep up every access network in a synthetic way to provide ISHO function and to evaluate the achievement in many heterogeneous access networks, is being conducted actively. Particularly, 3GPP gives a network structure for combined radio resources management in TR25.881 the technique standard text and common radio resource management (CRRM) the mechanism of the combined radio resources management to support that, and many projects to modify and complement the weak point of CRRM are being recommended. 1.2 Aim and Objectives: The important goal of this thesis is represented as demonstrating a self-organising based process for current versions of heterogeneous LTE-Advanced networks to simultaneously improve both quality of service and ability. The main index terms of this research could be exhibited as: SON; LTE-A, HetNets; Femtocell; Interference, Multi-Layer; Handover, Access Control; Power Control, eICIC. The self-organising method of this research is described as the primary goal, to be got through the following targets: 1. The first objective of the thesis condensed on coordinated resource assignment by usage self-organising schemes. The efficient frequency reuse is recommended among femto and macro sub-networks, to hire bandwidth optimisation for diverse access cellular networks. The current dynamic bandwidth provides method is designed over a unique algorithm to hire resource assignment for many base stations, by allotting the complete accessible spectrum. The involved resource optimisation mechanism enhances network throughput and diminishes network complexity, while preserving a essential fraction of the existed resources within the complete network. 2. The second goal is to assure the mobility management requirements within the coordinated LTE-A network. This objective is approached by recommending of a recently made handover algorithm, which exploits the usable network mobility features. 3. The third goal of this research stately concentrates on inter-cell interference mitigation reling on power control mechanisms. The improved inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) algorithm is planned relied on downlink power reaction among femto and macro For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

7. sub-networks. To accomplish this goal, self-organising power association is suggested to be deployed between femto stations. The new eICIC algorithm diminishes the complete interference, as well as increasing the victim mobile subscribers‘ achievement, by following network sending power. 1.3 Methodology of Thesis. The need of hardware implementation and disbursement is enhancing by cellular network developments. This thing has been the greatest motivation for this thesis to stress self- organising answers for this sub-systems association matters in LTE-Advanced. The hierarchical SON style in this work begins from the channel distribution objections as the first challenge, goes toward the mobility management objections for the mobile nodes, and ended by the interference management resolution., Each of the recommended issues are introduced and talked about in detail in this thesis work, to take by the formulation of problem and answer inside the offered chapters. This research relied on network simulations, as well as a literature survey about the obtainable research work to figure out the delivered novelty, in contrasts of the decided essential works. In spite of, the analysis and changes for the recommended novel algorithms are for different layers in the open system interconnection (OSI) model, OPNET network simulator has been hired as the most appropriate software for our simulation work. The designing of appropriate algorithms for the aforesaid contributions at the first phase is including the simulation-based experiments of this thesis. Subsequently, a no. of different scenarios are planned and modeled relied on multi-layer network architecture. The built scenarios in OPNET simulator have been obtained according to physical structure of LTE- A and LTE networks, which are accompanied by extra configurations to determine many network statistics 1.4 SON Characteristics A .Self-Configuration: The starting configuration of network elements in a mobile network is complexes by a greater no. of parameters supporting configuration manually is complex and time consuming. This is a seen candidate for automation because network nodes usually have common values for greater portions of the form settings. Self- For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

8. configuration network elements may be connected with a starting set of site-specific features in an optional planning step. This assembling of features may be combined via the 3GPP automatic radio configuration data-handling function (ARCF), and may include pre- configured neighbor relations, cell identities, transmit power levels, antenna configurations, operational carrier, etc. The ARCF, along with any software upgrades, are sent to the eNB in the self-configuration installation mechanism once the development of connectivity is done. The eNB is operational after self-testing and prepared to support mobile terminals. B. Automatic Neighbor Relations (ANR): Ordinarily, a big optimization/configuration cost for operators has been the handed creation of neighbor relations among cells. This is based on the LTE ANR function placed in the eNB. It aids in administration of neighbor cell relations within E-UTRAN, between UTRAN and EUTRAN and from E-UTRAN to GERAN and CDMA2000 cells. An RNC or an eNB can demand a UE to decode neighboring cell system news and appraise the decoded news back depending on the UE ANR characteristic. Relied on this news, the eNB can search a unique cell identifier for the neighboring cell. This shows that the supporting eNB has sufficient information to begin a handover to the founded cell. Alternatively, the eNB may further utilize the unmatched cell identifier to get connectivity news from the neighboring base station through S1 eNB/MME optimization-transfer mechanisms and begins development of an X2 interface. The evident advantage of ANR is that by using UEs to create and update neighbor relations the whole procedure can be completed automatically. Giving the no. of UEs in a network, this process is faster, more flexible and cost effective in comparation of manual optimization or drive tests. C. Automatic Cell Identity management:Mobility in 3GPP networks relied on UE guided reporting of physical cell identifiers (PCIs) that rather should be temporary unmatched. Matched PCIs can cause to confusion (a cell has two or more neighboring cells with the identical cell identifier) or collision (neighboring cells have the identifier cell identifier). PCI collision/confusion can be examined through the UE ANR mechanism. The OAM system, observed of the examined PCI collision/confusion, can begin a centralized PCI re-assignment procedure. This acquainted a new PCI to the cell relied on the neighbor-relation news in the OAM system. Optionally, the OAM system For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

9. may give the eNB with a set of existed PCIs to select from, and authenticate the eNB to select an optional PCI, in consideration of provided PCIs in environment eNB. D. Random Access Optimization: The primary goal of the random access mechanism is for UEs to notice their existence to the network and establish uplink time synchronization with it. In the mechanism, the UE will select an access slot, a preamble waveform and a transmission power. These features are subjected to optimization to satisfy requirements in terms of: • Access probability, which is the possibility of a UE having completed access after a certain no. of random access trys. • Access delay (AD) probability, where access delay is explained as the time duration for a random access mechanism to complete once it is began by a UE. To support RACH achievement estimation and optimization, the UE can be assisted to give a RACH report to the eNB after a completed access attempt. This solution depends on UE reports because the UE can control radio-related problems which the network may not be known of. Hence, identical as the ANR function, this characteristic makes utilize of UE reporting and monitoring capabilities. E. Mobility Robustness Optimization (MRO): Robust mobility support is central to mobile networks and MRO is an essential SON characteristic. MRO demands for intra- LTE mobility are explained with respect to efficient mobility failure rates while neglecting unimportant handovers as much as possible. The corresponding handover demands can also be performed among any RAT or between any two RATs.The LTE MRO function can be located in the eNB. The handovers are UE-guided, which signify that the UE is optimized by its supporting eNB to forward a Measurement Report (MR) once a reporting criterion is fulfilled. By getting a measurement report involving information about the candidate cell triggering the report, the supporting eNB may start the handover mechanism to the goal cell through S1 or X2 signaling. If the handover unsuccessful, the UE will attempt to re-build the link to the radio access network or move to inactive mode and rebind at a later step . Current additions to UE Radio Link Failure (RLF) reports in Release 11 include feedback about the time elapsed since unsuccessful (such as for dismissal of stale reports) and news and signaling to examine inter-RAT mobility failures. Similarly, a handover (HO) report can be sent from a different RAT to E-UTRAN to For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

10. exhibit an unimportant inter-RAT HO. In such conditions, upon indication from the source E-UTRAN and after a total handover, the goal RAT strengthens the UE with inter-RAT cell measurements in the source RAT (E-UTRAN). If the coverage of one or more E UTRAN cells is find out as acceptable for a certain time after the HO, then the inter-RAT HO is supposed unimportant. The identical procedure allows E-UTRAN to configure a timer in an aimed RAT to examine inter-RAT ping pongs. Especially, if an inter-RAT HO towards E-UTRAN occurs within such a pre-described time window, the HO is supposed ―too early‖. The MRO answer integrates occurrences monitored by UEs which are not showed directly from the network together with news from numerous eNB to examine the primary reason of failure. Notices that from Release 10, MRO empower UE signaling of RLF Reports after active-inactive transitions, which is specifically helpful in inter- RAT mobility unsuccessful resolution. 1.5 MOBILITY LOAD BALANCING (MLB) The aim of MLB is to control uneven traffic distributions, while diminishing the no. of demanded HOs and redirections. The thresholds triggering which is an offloading action can be enabled by general cell overload and connected load-performance indicators. By the negligence of jeopardizing mobility robustness, the same goals are described for MRO can also be supposed. The MLB service is in the eNB. A difficulty with heterogeneous networks is that small cells may drag too small traffic, which calls for macro cell offloading mechanism. Cell range expansion is one such mechanism , where a Range Expansion Bias (REB) is taken for small cells when finding measurement-report triggering standard for some or all UEs. The compromise of the REB can be seen as mobility burden balancing. These adjustments demand to consider UE-certain aspects i.e. detection capabilities and current traffic- burden contributions due to the volatile act of interference in the range-expansion place. In 3GPP, eNB can allot resource status details through X2. Energy is an essential cost in running mobile networks. The only standardized procedure to diminish energy consumption is to inactivate cells that are locally not demanded. To give network energy conserving, signaling support is explained among BSs as well as among RATs. If an eNB has turned off a certain cell to diminish energy consumption, it may notice neighboring For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

11. eNB through a deactivation indication over X2. However, an eNB can demand a neighboring eNB to re-activate a prior turned-off cell through a cell activation demand. Release 11 has suggested some inter-RAT support, where it is possible to move cell activation/deactivation details among RATs (for example UTRAN) through SON sending messages. The latter technique diminishes complexity while managing interoperability. 1.6 SON For Release 12 And Beyond Following the work done on SON and MDT in current 3GPP Releases, a new study item to discover SON started in early 2013 and concluded in mid-2014. Specification work initiated thereafter and is needed to finish by the last of 2014. In the following sections we explain the Release 12 achievements further. Possible achievements beyond Release 12 are then also mentioned. Release 12 SON: Current specifications make able mobility settings among various UEs to be distinguished. The goal of the ―SON for UE types‖ task is to determine if such differentiation can have a negative influence on interoperability. If this is so, then answers to the interoperability issues are supposed. One aspect detected is the ping-pong handovers caused by different mobility settings in neighboring cells. Active Antenna Enhancements: Active antenna systems are one path to increase the capacity of usable networks. The presently, comparatively fixed by deployments, generally just joining vertical sectorization. Since, the technique does make able the possibility of greater dynamic usage, involving cell shaping, UE-specific beam making, and cell splitting and adding. The case where the no. of cells and the cell coverage modify over time is explained in Figure 3. Such splitting and joining can be used to adapt system capacity based on traffic conditions. It can be seen as a way to give more reliable coverage/capacity management. Because, the capability to split and join cells dynamically makes the actual management of these systems increasingly complex. With this keeping in mind the work in Release 12 targeted at make able support for network deployments relied on the generic characteristics of agile antennas. More certainly it studied whether usable SON characteristics for deployment automation can be discovered to deal with dynamic modify possible with active antennas i.e. cell splitting or joining. The primary concentration on the study item associated to connection failures due to the cell splitting For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

12. and joining, as well as influence on MRO. The work will proceed with a Release 13 work item. Pre-Release 12 Small Cells Enhancements— the term small cells globally mention low power, operator-controlled,radio-access nodes. Small cells, whichinclude Pico-, femto-, metro- and micro-cells,have a range from tens to hundreds of meters.They are frequently deployed by operators wherever extra capacity is needed. Certain SONfunctions for small cells may diminish network planningefforts, enhance network optimizationand address issues and scenarios certain tosmall-cell deployment.Mobility strength is a challenge, certainly because moving UEs may switch frequently amonglittle cells. The involved Release 12 improvementsare designed to give the network extradetails (such as further RLF reports iffailure occurs after re-establishment and UEtime-to-trigger (TTT) details), which canbe used during MRO analysis so that better correctiveevents can be thought. In addition to, OAM and S1-based answers have been involvedto make easier inter-RAT RLF reporting in ―LTEisland coverage‖ scenarios where there is noLTE coverage environment the small cells. Multi-Vendor Network Element Plug and Play— The Release 12 work item deal with scenarios where an eNB is joined to the protected operator network either through an external network or a non-protected operator network. Server addresses needed for several configurations are obtain through domain name servers. 1.7Operator Perspective On SON The fad in network operations is to slowly go from ―semi-manual‖ toward autonomous planning, deployment, and optimization. An open-loop or semi-manual operation means that SON services suggested configurations which are initially sanctioned by the operator before being strengthen. Autonomous network operation, also called closed-loop, intend that sanctioned by the operator is neglected. Instead, the operator clearly explained high- level performance objectives (in the form of a scheme) and monitors to what degree the scheme is fulfill in the network. In the planning phase, the DSS and CCO functions, with the help of MDT, can diminish the operator‘s try in planning (i.e., decrease OPEX) and selecting optimum network extensions (i.e., diminish CAPEX). Operators will still need a starting planning attempt to For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

13. deploy the coverage layer, but this attempt will diminish as the coverage layer is enlarged (or completed) and has to be discovered with a capacity layer. It is required that the DSS and CCO functions will be centralized and will generally work at the NM level. This is due to the DSS and CCO analyze and optimize a cluster of BSs and the dynamics of the recommended reconfigurations or extensions are comparatively slow such as up to less reconfiguration per day or week for CCO or long-term extensions deployed over many months for DSS. To include NM-centralized SON in the planning stage efficiently, operators must address the following aspects: 1 Availability and accuracy of input data for proper NM-centralized SON decision- making Input data gives to NM-centralized SON functions may be in the form of KPI and MDT reports/traces, improve with geographic coordinates. Collection of this data is given by UE and eNB characteristics that are only optional. Due to this and the availability of inherited BS s and UEs, the existence of input data may be neglected. A considerable portion of input data may be given by vendor-proprietary answers. 2 Facilitating the collection and processing of data. Due tothe large no. of base stations and subscribers, as well as currently loggingand reporting of associated details, alarge amount of data needed to be managedby the operator‘s network management system. This requirement sufficient for Itf-N transportnetwork capacity, processing capacity and data storage capability for the NM-centralized SON algorithms. 3 Linking and synchronizing the NM-centralized SON functions with an operator’s existing planning tools and Processes, as well as BSS/OSS systems. It is appropriate that the identical, up-to-date input data is existed to all tools/processes involved in the planning phase. Discrepancies in input data among different processes and tools at the time of planning might consequence in sub-optimum configurations and network unstableness. 1.8 PROPOSED SCHEME If LTE-Advanced happens 4G-integrated standard, and a commercialization, service givers which have many access networks, could associate a variety of access networks relying on IP core network without another networks investment. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

14. Figure 4: Two-layered control mechanism for service self-organization [2] This thesis, with this industrial background, suggests a layered technique for giving support to service continuity usage of SON, which is middle part for commercial system use in LTE-advanced distributed networks. Fig 4 shows a two-layered management method for the service of self-organization relied on SON. 1.9. Novel Research Contributions This research involved, evaluates and suggests new self-organising network management for HetNets LTE-A networks. The self-organisation methodology of this work is take advantage by its different novel techniques to handle with bandwidth allocation, mobility management and interference alleviation. The primary contribution chapters of this thesis are presented on Figure 1-5. The self-organising strategy is determined as the primary methodology of the work to help all the contributions. The novel techniques and their important algorithms are mentioned and explained as follows: For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

15. Figure 1.5: Thesis main contributions on LTE-A system Access Control: Sharing of the usable bandwidth using fixed frequency channels are applied for heterogeneous cooperation, to efficient the channel utilizing between macro and femto applications. A dominating challenge of this cooperation is explored, when an efficient method is needed to distribute the usable resources, either to a femto cell or macro cell at a certain time. Therefore, an efficient resource allocation is required to overcome this challenge. - Resource Allocation: The novel frequency reuse algorithm is suggested for OFDMA- based LTE-A network by the usage of self-organising functionalities. In this process, channel‘s physical resource blocks (PRBs) are examine as the units of this allocation, and every cell has the responsibility to apprise the neighboring cells about its filled PRBs as part of self-organization algorithm. Mobility Management: The common mobile users between macro and femto uses are needed to be fulfill in cases of mobility, especially from macro to femto, and vice versa. The first challenge in this scenario is either the omission of handovers or facing unimportant handovers during this strategy due to having inaccurate channel estimations to start the handover process. Result, right handover plan is needed to plan an intelligent handover process. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

16. - Handover Plan: An appropriative handover plan is used by involving a novel handover algorithm, relied on self-organising communications. The suggested multi-check plan determine more correct calculations in the handover initiation phase, while avoiding unimportant handovers through the system. Interference Coordination: By the usage of identical frequency channel by both sub- networks is expected to create higher levels of inter-cell interference. Therefore, as a dominant challenge, network cooperation needs interference mitigation schemes to send smooth signals to the last users. Hence, improved ICIC (eICIC) solution is involved based on power control functionalities, for interference alleviation in macro-femto transmissions. - Power Control: The new power control algorithm is put into femto stations‘ functional blocks within the self-organising power balance algorithm. The power management technique points on downlink transmission, as the primary link of interference between macro and femto sub-networks in LTE-A. Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Related Work M. Peng et al.[3] here author WiMAX is broadband wireless access system based which defines PHY and MAC layer both fixed and mobile profiles. In this system effectively supports wide variety of (BWA).QoS provisions are analyzed for different application traffics.IN these provisions and mechanisms enhance QoS performance of network in term of packet loss and delay .It can also designed to provide wireless last mile broadband access in the (MAN).They provides high quality broadband services to fixed . WiMAX standard to mitigate the effect of these impediments. The channel quality condition that spectral and data and QoS performance of the network. There various service flows have For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

17. been analyzed for different application traffic and QoS performance found to in accordance in provisions in the standard. The FTP traffic is best server with nrtPS. T. Jansen et al. [5]: In this author proposed Network cost and network quality of services are important concerns in the widespread deployment of WiMAX networks. This paper presents a novel network design and optimization model for mobile WiMAX access networks utilizing multi-hop relays. The proposed model aims to determine optimal locations of base stations and relay stations so that the network can guarantee quality of services in term of the access data rate and the service coverage to serve potential user traffic demand in the area. Network technology has become potential solutions to bring broadband internet access to people in the remote area where a wired network infrastructure cannot reach. With the support of the IEEE 802.6. It can standard, one can deploy the network topology using multi-hop relay. There are to enhance services of the base stations. To enable network operators to provide low cost coverage with the quality of services guarantee, there is a need for an efficient network design. Several works have devoted to the studies of the performance improvement of wireless networks and the wireless network design problems. The authors propose an adaptive cross-layer bandwidth scheduling strategies for the hierarchical cellular networks the authors consider WiMAX radio network planning and present the practical network deployment with performance analysis and evaluation. Although the results give insight of the real network performance, the mathematical model was not used to optimize the network installation. Later works in proposed mathematical models for Henning Sanneck et al. [8]: In this author used in optimization algorithms in order to provide opportunistic and elible all-IP network. The real time QoS requirements of real- time and interactive service .It can also avoid a large degree by controlling only packet delay-jitter in the fixed and mobile environment. These applications have significantly different traffic and term of bandwidth and communication network to offer an acceptable performance. The system considered the SCA project is based on the use of the Internet and wireless communication for Pre-WIMAX .The jitter and packet loss presented the same behavior static and mobile environments. The modal can used operator to improve main factors of QoS needed by airlines companies. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

18. L.C. Schmelz et al.[4 ] :here author present self organization network in long term evalution advance heterogeneous network .In this paper author proposed a two level control machines for these service of self organization based network. SON based service self-organization that provides service and continuity when mobile user and session mobility can implement of better service wireless communication access. The ITU regulates 4G Technique as per higher data rate a network convergence and seamless connection .LTE-Advanced is always connected with data rate of maximum100Mbps and minimum delay. It provides high-speed data communication in hot-spot area that can offer service continuity during mobility only a mobile terminal. The LTE system to provide an network state such as bandwidth rate change variably. Self-organization concept have different network unite and interact for better effect and received a lot of attention as core technology can apply Commercial system of future mobile communication network after 4th generation. Self – monitoring technology for performing traffic control and improving resource capacity and analyzing same context information of cell terminals. H. Y. Lateef et al. [10]: Here author provide high speed broadband access is to use wired access technologies such as cable modem. The digital subscriber line (DSL), Ethernet and fiber optics. It is too difficult and expensive for carriers to build and maintain wired networks. Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) is flexible, efficient, and cost effective solution to overcome the problems. There relay station acting a capable role of extending the range of Base station for long distances in WiMAX networks. In this appropriate to areas with partial infrastructure such as rural, mountainous and lake. The Base stations with each having wired connections and it is also suitable to those areas. Where obstacles made the coverage limited. In this paper the performance analysis of Relay stations has been done in WIMAX networks. WiMAX is an ideal technology for backhaul applications because it eliminates expensive leased line or fiber alternative. They can provide broadband access to locations in worlds rural and developing areas where broadband is currently unavailable. WiMAX has numerous advantages such as improved performance and robustness, end to end internet protocol (IP) based networks, secure mobility, and broadband speeds for voice, data and video. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

19. When number of nodes increases it is observed that throughput is obtained higher with relay station. As number of nodes increases value of throughput is observed higher with 10 nodes. The distance increases after 200 meters the value of good put with relay station is obtained higher than without relay station. Then distance increases it is observed that dropped packets are obtained higher than with relay station. Similarly for number of nodes also initially dropped packets is less but as nodes increases value of dropped packets also increases, Chen, Yanet al. [11]: Here author proposed WiMAX and LTE are cost efficient service to operarators and end subscribers .The author evaluate the effect of QoS and cost effective placement in WiMAX network . The parameters and contribute to the technology in cost efficient manner in QoS. There scheduling algorithms are aim of attending effective link and method and radio resource management. It can permit the broadband service and offer reliable and fast wireless broadband.WiMAX2 highest channel spectral and enhanced spectral at the cell edge. In mobility support were expand to 350km/h. the two types of user one single and other multi user MIMO throughput improvement. It can support to femtocells and low power base station increase and coverage. They perform a relay station increase the capacity and base station technology. They are distributed a cell to relay into coverage holes. QoS can compared various parameter and scenarios models of WiMAX network. The factor performance can be distance from RS to MS cell size. Two views of RS based on cost effective deployment and QoS in RS. The small difference in throughput SNR compared with cost .the performance may be little bit reduce an entire network. The wireless technology depends on cell planning. Ismat Aldmour et al. [30]: Here author proposed two wireless technology WiMAX and LTE two process that competing technologies.LTE is an multiple heterogeneous access technology mode. Their current activities in standardization both WiMAX and LTE presented with a perspective the prospects of both technologies. They can both starting their 4G version while having much in common. The technical similarities and difference between the two technologies trying to point to point differences to other one technology. Winning as the technology for near future public network .LTE coming from the For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

20. generation path for wireless mobile ph standing and WiMAX coming from data network industry. O. Oluwakayode et al. [12]: Here author the physical layer and cooperative truncated automatic repeat request protocol at the data link layer. The first derive an exact closed form expression. The spectral efficiency of the proposed joint AMC-cooperative ARQ scheme. This system performance measure, then optimize an AMC scheme which directly satisfies a prescribed packet loss rate constraint at the data-link layer. There transmission modes at the source and relay are chosen based on the channel statistics. This can turn quantifies the possible gain achieved by joint design of AMC and ARQ in wireless relay networks. The selection decode and forward protocol, still checks whether the data received at the relay is correct, prior to a possible relay to destination retransmission . Cooperative ARQ protocol is presented benefiting from the spatial diversity of the relay channel, outperforms a traditional ARQ scheme, particularly. L. Yun et. al. [15] here author performance improvement of WiMAX system using Smart Antenna today world a larger number of wireless transmission technologies exist. They depending upon the network such as PAN, WALAN, WMAN and WAN. They can promise to deliver higher data rate and operators towards them. Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) network as per need for broadband and mobile services are getting into demand. It can increasingly acquiring a great deal of an alternative technology to DSL and cable modems. WiMAX system is actually coming into being right now. There painless Wi-Fi , turning your computer on will automatically connect you to closest available. Ali et al .[16]: Here author can Device-to-device (D2D) communication is a promising new feature in LTE-Advanced networks. The cellular networks, devices can only communicate with the base station via uplink or downlink paths. The ever-increasing demand of proximity-based social/commercial services and applications. The architecture of D2D under laying LTE networks is therefore brought up to enable efficient discovery and communication between proximate devices. There D2D have physical proximity could be able to discover each other .LTE radio technology and to communicate with each other via a direct data path. MAC layer functions to support D2D discovery and communication under lying. LTE networks are analyzed. In addition, a centralized For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

21. scheduling strategy in base station is proposed to coordinate D2D data communication operating in LTE FDD downlink spectrum. The performances of D2D data communication under laying LTE system are calibrated in a multi-link scenario via system-level simulation. D2D data communication is scheduled by base station with the proposed scheduling method and the hybrid D2D and cellular system Dutta, C. and Singh et al. [17]: Here author the performance is the best criterion for developing any communication system. The work presented here is aimed at increasing the speed & performance of the OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access) modulator and demodulator. This paper presents a high level implementation of a high performance FFT for OFDM Modulator and Demodulator. The design has been coded in Verilog and targeted into Xilinx Spartan3 FPGAs. The developed OFDMA communication structure is then targeted to the OFDMA based WiMAX communication modules, WiMAX is poised to broadcast the Internet throughout the world, and the changes in our lives will be dramatic. WiMAX is providing the capabilities of the Internet, without any wires, to every living room, portable computer, phone, and hand held device. The WiMAX modules utilize the OFDMA scheme in their physical layer of communication. The multipath mobile broadband channel by coding and interleaving the information across the subcarriers prior to transmission. After organizing the time and frequency resources in an OFDMA system into resource blocks for allocation to the individual mobile stations, the coded and interleaved information bits of a specific mobile station are modulated onto the subcarriers of its resource blocks. Then OFDM modulation is cost effectively realized by the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) that enables the use of a large number of sub carriers— up to 1024 according to the Mobile WiMAX system profiles to be accommodated within each OFDMA K.M.I., Sandeep et al.[18] here author communication through high frequency band been considered for future commercial celleular network .It ratio propagation property of service area will increased. The sleep operation of relay station can reduce power consumption DTMC model for relay station reduces can power. A novel energy efficiency metric called relay energy efficiency. The author proposed relay station scheme achieves higher energy efficiency than other conventional schemes. The base station is required to For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

22. meet the service converage cellular network environment .the density of base station of service provider. The data rates and coverage Dey, S and Shilpa et al [ 19]: In this author single test bed takes a large amount of time and cost. The implementation of a whole network in real world is not easily possible and very costly. The simulator helps the network developer to check whether the network is able to work in the real time. The time and cost of testing the functionality of network have been reduced and implementations are made easy. In this paper, we introduce the main features of different simulator and consider their advantage. Then work is also simulated on the computer. A network simulator is a technique of implementing then works on the computer. The protocols used to handle traffic in a network, graphical applications text-based applications advanced forms and programming-oriented tools providing a programming framework.NS2 is a discrete event simulator targeted at networking research. It provides support for simulation of TCP, routing, and multicast protocols overall networks (wired and wireless).It provides an integrated , versatile , easy- to-use GUI –based network design a network with SNMP TLI,TFTP,FTP. Karim, et al. [20]: In this author use Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access(WiMAX) is one of the newest technologies developed for broadband wireless networks, which offers high data rate and high flexibility for the radio resource management. Network using smart antenna is proposed. It is based on OPNET simulation tool and uses System-in-the-Loop function to interconnect the simulated system with a real network, for a better functional and performance evaluation. It is based on OPNET simulator and uses the System-in-the-Loop function to interconnect the simulated system with a real network, for a better functional and performance evaluation .The test was developed in the framework of the SMART-Net , which aimed to investigate the use of smart antennas in Wireless Mesh. The OPNET simulator, of a basic WiMAX network with nodes equipped with smart antennas. It presents basic scenarios and for evaluation of smart antennas integration on WiMAX nodes and the obtained performances. The simulations results presented in this paper illustrate that, for fixed WiMAX nodes. The proposed smart as will bring a significant performance gain, expressed in terms of capacity and coverage. Because of the fast beam switching, these smart antennas can be For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

23. used successfully in fixed scenarios. The smart antenna behavior on mobile WiMAX nodes is a subject of further research. Anouari, T. and Haqiq et al. [24]: Here author a study of cell coverage and usage capacity by varying distances between a relay node and a base station in a WiMAX cell. The Network simulation version 2 (NS-2) isused to simulate a cell employing a relay node with the light WiMAX module. A stationary user communicates with TCP data in downlink. There are three simulation cell models. First and second models are for evaluating cell coverage and improvement of cell coverage with a relay node. Using relay nodes is another option which can reduce the cost. Relay nodes can improve the coverage area and the usage capacity by using point to multi-point connections between base stations and users. There are three types of relay node, Amplify and Forward (AF), Selective Decode and Forward (DCF), and Demodulation and forward (DMF). A DCF relay has the transmission performance better than others under different radio channel condition. The relay capability is defined in mobile new generation WiMAX standard.A WiMAX cell improvement in downlink cell coverage and usage capacity at cell edge. There employing a relay node at different distances away from the base station. There are three simulation models which are no relay, relay, and cell edge models, for simulating the downlink TCP packets receiving at test node. From first model simulation results show that without a relay node, throughput drops very fast at 200 meters away from base station. Thontadharya, H.J. and Devaraju et al. [29]: Here author provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission mode, from stationary point-to- multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access. The technology is IEEE 802.16 and also called Broadband Wireless Access. This officially called Wireless MAN in it has been commercialized under the name ‘WiMAX’ by the industry alliance called the WiMAX. Their mission of the Forum is to promote and certify compatibility and interoperability of broadband wireless. A WiMAX is bridge between short distance communications and long distance communications and works. There other technologies and protocols to extend the ‘last mile’ support in data communication. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

24. The multi-hop WiMAX scenario that would possibly occur in the future can identify and solutions are suggested and tested. There large numbers of WiMAX scenarios of different sizes with different type of applications, models, devices, resources and methodologies have been simulated and various aspects like mobility. QoS interference control, traffic congestion and network balance have been studied intensively. Falk, et al. [27]: Here author proposed an Networks represent a good solution to offer Internet access in sparse population areas. The latest wireless technologies, such as WiMAX, offer high data rates services, but they are not designed for wireless mesh architectures. This paper proposes a wireless mesh solution based on WiMAX nodes equipped with smart antennas, and presents some tests for performance evaluation of the proposed solution. The WiMAX mesh node is emulated by interconnecting, via Ethernet, a Base Station and a Subscriber Station. To avoid interference between the two radio interfaces, they are configured to operate on different frequency bands. The WiMAX mesh node is simulated in OPNET and its performance is compared with a real life implementation of such a hybrid mesh node. The performance evaluation was done using an experimental platform, consisting of both a simulated and a real life part, which are interconnected through the System in the Loop OPNET. Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) was developed for broadband wireless networks,and it offers high data rate over long distances. An application suitable for WiMAX technology is its usage inwireless backhaul networks, to provide coverage over low density areas or as alternative solutions to wired networks. Such a solution offers resilience in disaster scenarios obtained through self healing property facilitated by the wireless communication. . Wireless Mesh Networks are the solution for wireless backhaul (WMN). On one side, the WMNs share common features with ad hoc networks (MANET), on the other side, the WMNs, being used for backbone, have minimal mobility and no constraint on power consumption. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

25. Chapter 3 BACKGROUND 3.1 Conventional LTE Network Multiplexing and Duplexes LTE data transmission is totally relied on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) to carry the data on various carrier frequencies. In this regards, the usable bandwidth is distributed into various overlapping sub-carriers. The OFDM sub-carriers are operpendicular to each other, so the inter-symbol interference is stopped by giving independent modulation for every subcarrier. 3.2. Supported Duplexes In mobile systems duplex communication is the capability of the users to set up a dual- path communication for sending and reception, instead of a simplex communication, which has only-send or only-listen modes of operation. Two types of duplexes are mentioned in LTE, namely: LTE time division duplex (LTE TDD) and LTE frequency division duplex (LTE FDD). LTE TDD The identical frequency band is utilized for duplex in LTE TDD in both the directions, which is also called as ―unpaired spectrum‖. The identical frequency channel hosts send and receive processes in various time-slots in asymmetric turns. Hence, the number of time-slots in downward link is greater than the number of time-slots in upward link. LTE FDD The radio transmitter and receiver works in various carrier frequencies at the identical time, in LTE FDD. The uplink and downlink frequency bands are a parted by the frequency offset, which stops latency, although requiring more complex circuits and deployment. The receiver can perform an frequency depend on a time of LTE. LTE Frame Structure The system robustness is enhanced by splitting the sending data between various carriers. The LTE frame structure relied of OFDM slots and FDD duplex is given on. The typical LTE frame has the overall length of 10ms, which is distributed into 10 sub frames and 20 single slots. The length of every slot in the radio frame is 0.5ms and two slots create one For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

26. LTE sub frame of 1ms. Each slot also carry 7 OFDM symbols involving common (short) cyclic prefix with a copy at the last of the symbol. The most essential function of cyclic prefix is to work as a guard interval to stop the inter-symbol interference between the symbols. If to include the frequency domain into our structure, every of the OFDM symbols involves 12 subcarriers, which together make one physical resource block (PRB) as the most essential unit in LTE in various measurements. Hence, we can tell one two- dimensional unit in LTE is one PRB, which is built of one slot in time domain and 12 subcarriers in frequency domain. Other two-dimensional unit in LTE is one Resource Element, which is built of one symbol in time domain and one subcarrier in frequency domain. Figure 3.1: LTE Frame Structure 3.3 OFDMA in Downlink LTE downlink utilise orthogonal frequency division various access, which gives OFDM- based multiplexing for various access. OFDMA gives low-data rate sending and lower maximum transmission power from various users. This also further enhances the existing OFDM robustness, fading and interference removal. They give the subcarriers in OFDMA multiplex. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

27. Figure 3.2: Multiple subcarriers configuration in OFDMA The deployment flexibility across various frequencies requirements minimum modification by the usage of orthogonal frequencies in OFDMA. Scalability of OFDMA is one of the much essential advantages, in which its subcarrier structure built it capable to support a widely range of bandwidth. The scalability of this multiplexing scheme also gives more flexibility of deployment with minimum changes to the existing air interface. This system is capable to be deployed in various frequency band intervals to address the various spectrum allocation schemes. In the case of sending methods, since the processing of OFDMA signal gives effective frequency flat channels, complete multi-input-multi- output (MIMO) technology could be deployed in integration with existing OFDMA system , which could be greatly utilize in later versions of LTE-Advanced. 3.4 SC-FDMA in Uplink In LTE-A uplink, individual carrier frequency division various access (SC-FDMA) is preferred over OFDMA, because it diminish the peak to average power ratio (PAPR). The SC-FDMA process has identical structure to OFDM and OFDMA, except the joining of a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) block before representing the subcarriers. Hence, SC- FDMA could also be determined as an OFDMA modulation, but with an additional DFT block. SC-FDMA is more desirable instead of OFDMA, since it diminish the PAPR by a ratio of the dimensions of the opposite DFT (IDFT) and DFT in its modulator, which diminishes cost of power amplifier for mobile users. They can describe the symbol sending of OFDMA and SC-FDMA [30]. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

28. Figure 3.3: OFDMA vs SC-FDMA transmissions 3.5 Necessity of Self-Organising Approaches for HetNets Latest version of LTE-A systems, which are more pointed on heterogeneous networks, plans to satisfy coverage and capacity needs. Relation of the advanced release of LTE with heterogeneity from one side, and self-configuration plans in every step of LTE-Advanced made the other side, could make a heuristic process in this regard. Figure 3.4 depicts the self-organisation process in cellular networks. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

29. Figure 3.4: Self-organization process in cellular networks 3.5.1. SON Solution for Resource Allocation The LTE base stations are required to be equipped with SON abilities to diminish human involvement, as well as preserving capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX). Determining the exponential achievement of data traffic, channel optimization is the primary goal of resource allocation schemes in LTE-A systems. Hence, schemes like fractional frequency reuse, incomplete reuse and channel sharing are planned along with SON algorithms for network cooperation, e.g. macro-femto cooperation, in case of frequency re-use strategies. 3.5.2. SON Solution for Mobility Management Unimportant handovers are seen as the critical challenge in network mobility management, which are technically due to the inaccurate network measurements. Moreover to plan a ubiquitous network support, it is important to prevent any needless For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

30. handover, e.g. unimportant macro to femto handovers. Self-Organizing mobility management algorithms begin a comprehensive handover process with more right network situation monitoring to maximize network reception and lessen the number of unimportant handovers within the cells. 3.5.3. SON Solution for Interference Coordination The network cooperation is included to decrease the complete costs for the network operators. The inter-cell interference management has appropriate in concept of HetNets, due to the essential of interference as one of the big challenges in OFDMA-based networks [13]. In downward link side of network, where the network node sends to a variety of users, more challenges are required to be faced due to greater interference. Sending of power is also essential to control purpose of managing the interference in the neighboring cell, as well as the goal cell. Hence, it appear very logical as a common practice for LTE, to use less sending of power near the cell border purpose of apply interference mitigation measures and diminish the inter-cell interference. 3.6. Deployment Structure and Interfaces As an OFDM-based scheme, LTE technology is prioritized over the conventional 3G version by its physical characteristics. The explained OFDMA and SC-FDMA transmissions are attened by channel optimization schemes, like co-channel deployment, to get positive influences on QoS satisfaction for the end users. Moreover, supported modulation techniques and interface architecture are also appropriate characteristics of LTE network, which could transport network capacity improvements. 3.6.1. Deployment Methodologies In little-cell deployment, macro-femto cooperation needs certain network design to deploy a dual-path transmission by use of bandwidth resources. The deployment methodology of macro and femto sub-networks gives channel allocation and resource blocks sending, either by sharing the frequency channels or by allocating apart channels. Multi-Channel Deployment In multi-channel deployment, macro and femto nodes use apart frequency channels for transmission. In this arrangement, single or multiple frequency bands are gave to each For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

31. application, which could prevent co-channel interference due to the using different frequency channels. Avoiding interference by using apart channels could increase quality of service by diminishing number of dropped packets in the network layer and raising the number of effective transmissions. Though, on the other hand, the multi-channel deployment scheme could not satisfy the channel optimization and financial expectations. Co-Channel Deployment Use of identical frequency channels for outdoor and indoor applications is favored in LTE-Advanced. The co-channel deployment abilities of heterogeneous networks give the benefit of channel optimisation, which diminish the network implementation expenditure by saving more frequency channels. However, a heuristic macro-femto cooperation scheme is needed for this type of deployment, not only to prevent the co-channel interference, but also to arrange other network layer responsibilities among the sub- networks, e.g. handover and resource managements. 3.6.2. Modulation Schemes The quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is utilized to modulate the transmitted bits within the OFDM signal in LTE distributed channels. Applying various modulation techniques in LTE makes the bit detection process more appropriate against distortion and noise within the sending of channel. Three types of modulation stratigies are used as depicts. Figure 3.5: Modulation types in LTE In case of caring noisy channel situations, the modulated data with quadrature step shift keying (QPSK) gives more reliable decision at the receiver side, Due to a great distance between the modulations points (2 bits per symbol). On the other side, 16QAM and 64QAM map 4 and 6 bits onto one modulation symbol respectively, which targets higher data throughput when the SNR on the sending channel is greater. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

32. 3.6.3. Interface Architecture The air interface of LTE network is refered to evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN), which is communicate to the evolved packet core (EPC) configuration. The LTE interface architecture is mentioned. The X2 interface gives inter- connections among macro nodes (eNodeB). The total X2 interface is relevant for the nodes within a unified network, and not single networks like home or indoor uses. Figure 3.6: Entire LTE interfaces architecture The S1 interface is used to join Nodes to the EPC platform by the management and system architecture gateways. Hence there is ability to install S1 interface between small-cell nodes, e.g. femtocells (HeNodeBs), and EPC through the suitable gateways. 3.7. Channel Sharing and Access Control Necessity The 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) Version 10 LTE-A has been revealed with further improvements to the LTE systems to satisfy IMT-Advanced expectations. Heterogeneous networks, as a appropriate improvement of LTE-A over LTE, needs channel use and access control to be determine to optimize the bandwidth allocation among variety of the sub-networks. 3.7.1. Resource Allocation Scheme The node choosing in LTE Rel-8 is relied on downlink received signal strongness. Determining the same scheme for LTE-A, the usefulness of low-power nodes will be For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

33. greatly diminished. The reason is, because of greater power and larger coverage of macrocell, they pull most of the user terminals, while not giving sufficient resources to effectively serve those users. Hence, the first consideration of resource allocation is the good distribution of channel resources, which is essential to balance the traffic and prevent QoS remove within the network. 3.7.2. Frequency Reuse Pattern Frequency reuse scheme is globally used on the existing generations of cellular networks, in which the transmission of various cells or sectors of a cell are orthogonalised in the frequency domain by separating the total usable spectrum into non-overlapping segments. The usage of wide channels for LTE and LTE-A networks limits the usable spectrum, which targets in performance and quality reductions in every cell. Hence, the application of improved techniques for frequency reuse is essential to start the channel optimization. The depicts two different techniques for frequency reuse within neighboring cells. Figure 3.7: Different frequency reuse strategies Although the frequency reuse style results in the preserving of bandwidth resources, applying the identical frequency for the neighboring cell sectors targets in Interference and network quality reduces, particularly for the users at cell boundaries. 3.7.3. Network Access Modes It has been proved that the traffic offload to femtocells can diminish the prices for the network operators by up to 70%. Hence, network access is another essential sub-network function, e.g. for indoor nodes, which is needed for access by public users. Different For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

34. network access modes are categorized relied on network allowance to the users to be arranged by the transceivers within each geographic portion. Open Subcarrier Group: In open subcarrier group (OSG), also refered to as ―Open Access‖ mode, the network user groups have instant access to any portion of the network upon need. In macro-femto network, both macro users and indoor users can utilize the Femtocell, while there is no such list of permitted users in femto access points. Closed Subcarrier Group: On the other side, there are a few problems due to installment of a greater number of low-power nodes. Generally in co-channel installment scenarios in heterogeneous networks, interference may become complex due to usage of low-power nodes, which could guide to large outage of the macro users. The femtocells is capable to work in a closed subcarrier group (CSG), also named as ―Closed Access‖ mode, in which a list of permitted users is gave for the Femtocell. In this mode, only the users usable on that list, i.e. CSG user, are permitted to access to the femtocells. Since the possibility of inter-cell interference in CSG is greater than OSG, suitable interference coordination techniques are important to be planned in network cooperation. Hybrid Access Mode: Hybrid access mode is a new aspect in addition to open and closed access modes, which is suggested in LTE release. In hybrid access mode, all the users have open access to the cell, but those users who are subscribed have superiority to obtain access and get charged differently . Hence, the cell behaves UEs as CSG if their ID is in the access list and provides them priorities; otherwise it behaves them as OSG and serves them as normal. 3.8 Related Work: There have been an raising in global need for wireless data services as well as real-time uses like VoIP, audio and video streaming (Sengupta, Chatterjee & Ganguly, 2008); this increasing needs is as a result of rapid achievements which has been massively witnessed in various wireless technologies currently. Countless researches are occurring in areas of wireless technologies deployment (generally WiMAX) using Voice over IP based network system, all in a offer to come up with a communication system that will be capable to give optimal wireless services so as to meet the enhancing user demands. As self-reliant units, holons have a degree of independence and manage circumstances and problems on their For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

35. certain levels of existence without reaching greater level holons for assistance. The self- reliant characteristic suggests that holons are stable, capable to sustain disturbances. In (Flizikowski, Majewski, & Przybyszewski, 2010), the authors have inquired to a remarkable extent the audio, data and video support characteristics in WiMAX Networks. Their research was focused on determining the QoS installment over WiMAX Networks and comparison of the performance got using WiMAX service classes like Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS) and extended real time Polling Service (ertPS). The studies executed by these authors have assured that WiMAX Networks supports real-time uses more compared to other wireless access technologies like WLAN and 3G. A traffic-aware scheduling algorithm for the installment of VoIP applications over WiMAX Networks have been suggested in (Ansari & Haghani, 2008), the authors critically determine the performance of the suggested method in comparison with different notable conventional methods. They further mentioned how the effectiveness of VoIP over WiMAX networks performance can be enhanced upon by the use of their suggested scheduling methods. But their proposed algorithm was not inquired under known performance metrics to determine and set up its robustness in QoS supports. Rong et al. (2007) suggest an integrated adaptive power allocation (APA) - call admission control (CAC) downward link resource management framework for OFDM-TDD based multiservice network by caring into account the service giver and subscriber. This study generate algorithm of both. Niyato and Hossain (2007) suggest a pricing model for adaptive bandwidth sharing in an combined Wi-Fi/WiMAX network. Game theory has been ustilize to analyze and get pricing for bandwidth sharing between a WiMAX base station and Wi-Fi access point routers. Hung-Yu et al. (2005) discussed the interference issues and suggest an effective approach for using of WiMAX mesh by the design of multi-hop routing and scheduling algorithm technique. This technique determined both traffic load need and interference situations. Simulation results depicts that the suggested schemes effectively enhanced the network throughput performance in IEEE 802.16 mesh networks and got high spectral utilization. A scheduling mechanism and a routing algorithm is generated (Liqun et al. 2005) to maximize the spatial reuse in wireless mesh networks and to obtain better network For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

36. throughput and spectral effectiveness. The model needs the receiver to be free of interference and determines the interference range as equal to the communication range. The authors in (Shrivastava & Vannithamby, 2009) handle that though WiMAX Networks are effective in supporting data traffic, the capability of VoIP when install over IEEE 802.16e WiMAX system is not impressive as a target of overwhelming MAP overhead always produced by dynamic scheduling of VoIP traffic. In their work, they took persistent scheduling as a mechanism in IEEE 802.16e WiMAX system in order to lessen MAP overhead happening. The only deficiency inherent in their suggested persistent/group scheduling process is that it made sort of ―resource hole‖ in the slot at the data allocation portion which guide to inefficient resource providing. Majority of the VoIP QoS inquires have been worked on Ethernet LAN, Wireless LAN as opposite to WiMAX access networks. In most of the events where it has actually been done with the installment of WiMAX networks, the researchers have failed to see at some notable complicated codec algorithms/schemes with decreased value of voice frame size per packet that can be perform on voice/video calls/conference to increase the quality of VoIP performance when installed over WiMAX Networks. These complicated codec schemes gives tremendous compression effectiveness that saves network bandwidth importantly in wireless schemes like WiMAX networks. However, majority of the researchers that have done some associated work on inquiries of VoIP system performance when installed over WiMAX networks used other network simulators such as NS-2, E-modeling, NetSim, etc for designing, modeling and simulation of the network which most computer networking students and professional industrial practitioners are not quite very much conversant with. This research will utilize OPNET Network Simulator which is preference universal among IT students and communication professional to see at the performance criteria as well as some codec algorithms allowed and curtained by ITU-T for voice and video conferencing by the usage of VoIP over IEEE 802.16e standard WiMAX networks in a campus network. A research (Ghosh et al. 2008) explains the IEEE 802.16 standard for stable WiMAX 802.16d. This standard is also named as 802.16-2004, which gives high data rate over a large portion by reusing frequency. Moreover, this study examines only the throughput and does not determine delay, jitter, latency and packet loss. Another research (Fong et al. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

37. 2004) shows an overview of different features of Broadband Wireless Access to support a fastly growing network. This research integrate the scalability with WiMAX standards such as IEEE 802.16 and a hierarchical Local Mobile Klund et al. (2008) mentioned the history of WiMAX standards and its benefits such as MAC of IEEE 802.16, which support various transport technologies involving Internet Protocol release IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM). The WiMAX 802.16e helps power preserving and sleep modes to enlarge the battery life of mobile devices and it also supports hard and soft handoffs to give users with seamless joints. Another research (Hoymann 2008) states four different Physical (PHY) layers but determines only the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) layer. A summary of the OFDM based transmission mode of the WiMAX IEEE 802.16 standard is represented. The MAC and PHY layer are mentioned in detail. The MAC layer configurations with various levels of robustness are also analyzed. A research (Sayenko et al. 2009) gives the estimation for WiMAX MAC header overhead to reserve enough amounts of slots for the constant-rate uses. This research shows many simulation scenarios to demonstrate how the scheduling answer allocates resources in different cases. The scheduling answer was relied on the round-robin scheduling. The simulation scenarios execute in ns-2. It could be more appropriate if the study could give comparative results compare with other wireless technologies MAC header overhead to integrate value to the results. Jain et al. (2009) suggest a multi-channel Carrier Sense Multiple Excess (CSMA) with collision avoidance scheme. This research evaluates the performance of receiver based channel choice, comparing with IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) using ns-2 simulator. Moreover, at a given time, one packet can be sent only on any channel, but many packets can be received at different channels at the same time. A research (Chatterjee et al. 2007) utilize Forward Error Correction (FEC) and Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) to support streaming services and examining the problem of real time streaming media over WiMAX and exploited the flexibility characteristics in MAC layer of 802.16a standard. The authors suggest the size of MAC packet data units to create adaptive to the instantaneous wireless channel situation. For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

38. Huang et al. (2009) mention that a good scheduling control is complex to support mixed VOIP (Voice over IP) and for non-real time services in mobile WiMAX as given in the 802.16e standards which gives mobile support in cellular deployments. Table I: Literature review Author Title Work J Jaffar et al Performance Analysis of VoIP Codecs MPLS Networks [2009] Here authors evaluates the quality of service of video transmission on Differentiated Services (Diff-Serve) with Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) network is being simulated. The objective of this thesis is to study the influence of the QOS mechanism via DiffServ-MPLS on network parameters such as over Packet loss, delay and throughput for different video resolutions. Haniyeh Kazemitabar et al A comprehensive review on VoIP over LAN [2012] This thesis has demonstrated a survey on VOIP over WLAN, its advantages and challenges and also VOIP capacity over WLAN and the number of calls for different voice codecs and intervals based on IEEE 802.11b standard. Wireless networks M.A. Mohamed et al Performance Analysis of VoIP Codecs WiMAX Networks [2012] Here authors evaluate the performance of different VOIP codecs over the WIMAX network. Simulation results show that the G.723 is better than codecs G.711, G.726, G.728 and G.729 because it has lower delay and higher MOS, traffic received and throughput. over Mohd Nazri Ismail et al Performance Evaluation Audio using VoIP Traffic in Wireless LAN using [2013] This thesis deals with VOIP over VPN implementation between open source application and hardware device in campus environment. In this, the evaluation of performance of CPU Utilization, Jitter, Delay, Memory Usage and MOS(mean opinion score). of Codecs RSVP For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

39. Elechi Onyekachi et al Investigating QoS of Voice over IP using WiMAX Access Networks in a Network [2013] the This thesis attempts to identify some of the network performance parameters that service providers will focus on to develop a VOIP over WIMAX communication tool that will serve as a voice communication broadband replacement technology to old communication. Campus circuit switch voice Mojtaba Seyedzadegan et al SPEECH QUALITY EVALUATION BASED CODEC FOR VOIP OVER 802.11P [2013] This thesis provides the quick and technical overview of concept, standard, technology and architecture for IEEE 802.16 WiMAX. D.Ramesh et al Techniques to In this thesis authors presented a Media Access Control Protocol that provides the quality of service for VOIP over wlan. In this, the characteristics of our proposed protocol are No hardware modification of VOIP STA. Backward compability in order to minimize the cost of development no modification of access points. Improve Performance VoIP over 802.11e WLAN [2013] of Preetinder Singh et al VOIP Wimax: Comprehensive Review [2014] Over This thesis provides focusing on quality of service scheduling services and performance related metrices such as jitter, packet end to end delay and MOS(mean opinion score). A Dr. Abdul-Bary R.Sulaiman et al Performance Analysis of VoIP Codecs MPLS Networks [2014] This thesis evaluated the performance measures such as delay variation, delay, page response time, throughput and packet drop for different types of traffic such as voice, video, data in their movement in a congested network for both MPLS-TE and Conventional IP Network. over Rahul Singh et al A Review Thesis: Voice over Internet Protocol [2014] This thesis deals with VOIP to a level that allows discussion of security purposes and concerns. In this, VOIP components will include network components, gateway, end user equipment, call processors and two of common architectures. Lamia Bakri Evaluation of Here authors the network performance analysis to For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

40. Abd Elhaleem Derar et al Voice Codecs of VoIP Applications for UMTS [2014] evaluate the effects of the application of different voice encoder schemes on quality of service of VOIP system which is deployed with the UMTS network. Fourty et al. (2010) determined and classified wireless networks. This study proposed that WiMAX made the possibility to get a connectivity of the identical type as the rented lines used by network‗s operators for the Internet or telephony transmission T1 (for American suppliers) or E1 (for European suppliers). In their specific researches in (Salah, 2009) and (Yanfeng & Aiqun, 2006), the authors prove that it is important that the abilities of a network to support VoIP applications be determined prior to its arrangements with such network. According to them, the network‘s readiness to support installment with VoIP system could be inquied by usage of network modeling and simulation approaches, measuring for voice packet end-to-end delay, voice packet delay variation, throughput and voice jitter after inserting real time (VoIP) traffic into the network. The author‘s argument if adhered to, will aid in solving a high deal of problem as it will preserve both time and resources instead of just installing real-time applications such as VoIP with just any wireless access scheme without prior inquiry of whether such network has any real-time use support capabilities or not. With reference to Halepovic, Ghaderi & Williamson, (2009), VoIP system has become greatly famous more than ever even as WiMAX Networks are been install in many countries across the globe. Hence, many researchers in current years as well as recently have points extensively on different characterstics of VoIP services over WiMAX networks, all focused on inquiring and identifying network add-on performance standard that will increase the quality of service delivery of VoIP system over WiMAX networks. 3.9. LTE-Advanced Technical Challenges Installing the existing LTE platform in the transition to advanced LTE systems guides to challenges in different aspects such as network capacity, quality of service, resource For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

41. scheduling, handover planning, inter-cell interference coordination, etc. Figure 3-9: Technical challenges in a HetNets scenario A concise explanation and important suggestions are done in this section to become more familiar with the primary technical challenges when working with new versions of heterogeneous LTE network. Figure 2-11 depicts a typical HetNets scenario with its technical challenges. 3.9.1. Capacity and Coverage Support The mean ability of the network is determined as aggregated throughput from all users combined to a single cell. However, the average cell coverage is also determined as the lowest user throughput that can be assurance in 95% of cases. The ability and coverage optimisation algorithms could assures acceptable values for ability and coverage by raising the transmission power provided to a physical resource block (PRB), but also causes more inter-cell interference. Hence the suitable ICIC technique is also required to be considered along with these algorithms. 3.9.2. Overall Quality of Service in HetNets Though the network MIMO is provided in LTE-Advanced systems, it does not recommend a assured quality of service. There are some challenges associated to timing issues of the packets belonging to various streams in a different QoS network. The first challenge is the usage of MIMO to arrange the packet sending with different QoS For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com

42. characteristics, and the second challenge is searching of suitable radio resources for each stream to assure QoS for various MIMO topologies. Therefore, QoS satisfaction is needed to be determined, while giving coverage and ability planning. 3.9.3. Channel Optimization and Resource Allocation The wants of having a heuristic resource allocation plan is more dominanting when a variety of uses are install within HetNets architecture. The resource partitioning could be install with various schemes, such as time-domain, frequency-domain, or spatial-domain. The time-domain partitioning could greater adapt to user distribution and traffic burden modifications, while the frequency-domain partitioning is less granulous and brittle for resource allocation, but is more manageable in asynchronous networks. Hence, giving a self-organising resource allocation could be more efficient. 3.9.4. Mobility Management and Handover Different issues require to be considered to get the greater outcome in case of users‘ mobility. User speed, useable bandwidth, macro and femto superiority, power of the sending signal, etc. are important to be determined to maximise the network throughput. The unimportant handovers also required to be minimized to obtain to the utmost effectiveness in case of users‘ mobility. 3.9.5. Interference Challenge and Mitigation Plan The interference alleviation scheme is generally categorized into three primary schemes of: interference cancellation, interference averaging and interference avoidance techniques. Giving of the interference avoidance plan results increased performance with less complexity within the network, contrasting to the interference cancellation and averaging stratigies. Hence the interference mitigation technique is preferred to be applied within the complete network. The most appropriate challenge in this regard is building a trade-off between channel optimisation and an interference-free network, which is planned to be addressed by development of inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) algorithms For More info Https://ThesisScientist.com