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Marine Biomes

Marine Biomes. Jared Benton-Smith AP Envi Sci 11/03/10. http://world_map_road.tripod.com/world_map_wallpaper2.jpg. Diurnal tide Semidiunal tide Mixed. Tides. http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/tide_type_map.jpg. Large tidal range at spring tides Small at neap tides.

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Marine Biomes

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  1. Marine Biomes Jared Benton-Smith AP Envi Sci 11/03/10

  2. http://world_map_road.tripod.com/world_map_wallpaper2.jpg

  3. Diurnal tide • Semidiunal tide • Mixed Tides http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/tide_type_map.jpg

  4. Large tidal range at spring tides • Small at neap tides http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/spring-neap.jpg Spring/Neap Tides

  5. Caused by Earth's rotation • Deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere • To the left in the Southern Hemisphere http://www.williamsclass.com/EighthScienceWork/Atmosphere/coriolis.gif The Coriolis Effect

  6. Surface currents driven by winds, move at 45º from wind currents Winds http://pulse.pharmacy.arizona.edu/9th_grade/from_global/earth_science/images/wind_patterns.gif

  7. Compounding Coriolis effect • Ekman layer 90º to wind current • Produces circular surface currents that help regulate climate through heat transportation Ekman Spiral http://atoc.colorado.edu/~cassano/atoc4750/Daily_images/20080129/ocean_ekman_spiral.jpg

  8. Currents http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/sage/oceanography/lesson3/images/ocean_currents2.jpg

  9. The Great Ocean Conveyor http://www.crd.bc.ca/watersheds/protection/geology-processes/images/clip_image002_000.jpg

  10. Sea floor made of oceanic crust (basalt) • Crust is dense, keeping it below sea level • Sediment composition related to degree of water motion • Fine sediments stay suspended w/ little movement, thus settle in calmer areas • Detritus in sediment http://www.pubinfo.vcu.edu/masc/photos-2003-04/sediment_usgs.jpg Soil Conditions

  11. Marine Ecosystems http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01590/intro/ocean.jpg

  12. Nutrient rich • Warm • Shallow • 10% of the world's ocean area • 90% of marine species • High NPP per unit area • Large amounts of sunlight • Plant nutrients flow from land and are distributed by currents and tidal flow Coastal Zone http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/california/images/s/northern-coast.jpg

  13. Uplifted coasts, geologically young coasts, or eroded coasts • Tides affect affect biological zones, vertical zonation • Currents affect temperature causing varied biodiversity between areas • Organisms' niches change depending on daily and seasonal environmental changes http://www.noao.edu/education/gsmtf/img/currents.gif Intertidal Zones-Rocky Shores

  14. http://www.seafriends.org.nz/books/eco03.gif http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/czm/initiative/wec/html/sea/marine/images/yokohama5.jpg

  15. Rocky Intertidal Organisms Carnivores Sea stars, snails, fishes, crabs, flatworms, birds Grazers Scavengers Filter Feeders Limpets, snails, chitons, sea urchins Crabs, amphipods, isopods Mussels, barnacles Plankton Drift seaweed from other communities Detritus To other communities Seaweeds, diatoms, seagrasses

  16. Seagrass most common primary producer • Houses organisms that bury in the sediment/sand • Grain size affects oxygen and organic matter availability, larger=less http://www.bergoiata.org/fe/bestw2/Sandy%20Beach.jpg Intertidal Zones-Sandy Shores

  17. Sandy Intertidal Organisms Carnivores Fishes, birds, moon snails Suspension feeders Deposit feeders Clams, sand crabs, polychaetes Polychaetes, clams Detritus From other communities Plankton Bottom diatoms

  18. Water avg. temp >20ºC • Rarely deeper than 50m • Most reefs are sensitive to fresh water, fine sediments and pollution • 3 types • Fringing • Barrier • Atolls http://images.fanpop.com/images/image_uploads/Coral-Reefs-sea-life-114559_1280_853.jpg Coral Reefs

  19. http://www.coralreefinfo.com/images/coralreef_map_large.jpg

  20. Nutrients cycled rapidly • Nitrogen is fixed • Very productive • Sessile organisms compete for space http://www.solcomhouse.com/images/coral_reef_florida.jpg Coral Reefs cont.

  21. Coral Reef Organisms Predators Fishes, squids, snails Grazers Fishes, urchins, snails, chitons Detritus feeders Sea cucumbers, worms, amphipods, soft corals Coral and coral mucus feeders Fishes, sea stars, crabs Plankton feeders Fishes, sea fans, feather stars From other communities Detritus Plankton Seaweeds, coralline algae, photosynthetic bacteria Corals/Zooxanthellae

  22. Low nutrient levels • High DO • Floating phytoplankton • Large, fast swimming predatory fish http://blog.city-discovery.com/wp-content/uploads/Great_white_shark_south_africa-hermanusbackpackers.jpg Open Ocean-Euphotic Zone

  23. Low levels of sun • Zooplankton • Smaller fish • Some crustaceans • Some anthropods http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/histio.jpg Open Ocean-Bathyal Zone

  24. Dark and cold • Low DO • Deposit feeders and filter feeders • Sources of nutrients: vents and marine snow http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/web/3546_web.jpg Open Ocean-Abyssal Zone

  25. http://www.oceanlight.com/lr/full/3bf8604db3ab53f8dd991e6d707b3509.jpghttp://www.oceanlight.com/lr/full/3bf8604db3ab53f8dd991e6d707b3509.jpg • Thick, leathery bodies to withstand exposure to air • Pneumatocysts to float near the surface • Large blades • Holdfasts attach seaweed to hard bottom Flora/Fauna Adaptations-Seaweeds (Algae)

  26. Mangrove trees • thick leaves to prevent water loss • Seeds germinate while attached to the parent tree • Salt glands excrete excess salt http://envis.maharashtra.gov.in/envis_data/files/Mcopingwithsalt.jpg Flora/Fauna Adaptations-Salt-Marsh Plants/Mangroves

  27. Excess sediment smothers coral reefs • Use of explosives • Collection • Anchors • Divers • Ocean acidification • 20% to damaged too recover http://soundwaves.usgs.gov/2009/11/CoralF1TULG.jpg Human Impacts-Coral Reefs

  28. In the Philippines, 1,000 square miles of mangroves, 67 percent of the country's total, were destroyed between 1920 and 1980 • For shrimping http://coastalcare.org/wp-content/images/issues/additional-issues/miles-of-mangrove-trees.jpg Mangrove Destruction

  29. http://ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary/albums/userpics/10001/normal_iil-ian-aj-0053.pnghttp://ian.umces.edu/imagelibrary/albums/userpics/10001/normal_iil-ian-aj-0053.png

  30. 80% people live near coasts • Eutrophication • Sewage discharge-spreads disease, sludge • Sludge deposited modifies/destroys bottom communities • Oil spills • Thermal pollution • Heavy metal accumulation • Pesticides • PCBs-toxic http://www.marcgunther.com/wp-content/uploads/10739728-bp-logo.jpg Human Impacts

  31. "Mangrove Destruction." Endangered Species Handbook. Animal Welfare Institute, 1983. Web. 04 Nov. 2010. <http://www.endangeredspecieshandbook.org/aquatic_mangrove.php>. Castro, Peter, and Michael E. Huber. Marine Biology. 7th ed. Boston (Mass.): McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008. Print. Miller, G. Tyler, and Scott Spoolman. Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions. 15th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2007. Print. Bibliography

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