Chapter 2: Growth and Conflict

1. Chapter 2:Growth and Conflict 1789 - 1877

2. Section 1:The New Republic • Getting the government started • Constitution passed • George Washington elected President • (John Adams as Vice President—Two different parties!) • Chose cabinet made up of individuals called secretaries who would run various government departments (War/State, Defense, Treasury) + Attorney General and Postmaster General • Judiciary Act of 1789 to create Supreme Court and lower courts—Chief Justice John Jay • Bill of Rights ratified in 1791 • Tenth amend. gives any powers not specifically in Constitution to the states

3. Debt Crisis • War debt + cost of new gov’t. = debt crisis! • Secretary of Treasury Alexander Hamilton’s Plan • Pay off all debts • Federal gov’t. should take on states’ debts, too • Create a national bank to help manage country’s finances • Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, others • Constitution does not say gov’t. can establish a bank (enumerated powers vs. implied powers) • Necessary and Proper clause (Article I, Section 8)

4. Federalists Alex Hamilton, John Adams, others Strong nat’l gov’t. Educated and wealthy should govern Promote manufacturing and trade Loose interpretation of Constitution Protective tariffs Pro North/New England Democratic-Republicans Jefferson, Madison, others Strong state gov’ts. Ruling power to all landowners Gov’t. should promote ag Strict interpretation (enumerated powers) of Constitution Protective tariffs are bad and burden farmers Pro West and South First Political Parties Emerge

5. Washington’s Two Terms 1789 - 1797 • Hamilton won approval for his financial plan after promising that nation’s capital will be in between Virginia and Maryland (District of Columbia) • Bank of United States was established in 1791 for 20 years • Whiskey Rebellion in August 1794 • Farewell Address—Washington gave advice to nation: • Avoid foreign alliances and entanglements • Avoid political parties • Avoid regional rivalries (sectionalism) • Did we listen? Washington set many “precedent” as President

6. President John Adams 1797 - 1801 • Needed to avoid a war with France • Angry about our relations with Great Britain • Alien and Sedition Acts • Very unpopular with almost everybody! • Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions passed claiming states can nullify federal laws • Did not win re-election A (brilliant but) grumpy old man who had worked hard to become president, but did not enjoy the office at all.

7. 1801 - 1809 Thomas Jefferson as President • Disputed presidential election • Electoral College—if no majority earned, decision made by House of Representatives • Marbury vs. Madison—Supreme Court case • Gave Supreme Ct. the right of judicial review • Bought Louisiana Purchase from France • Sent Lewis and Clark to explore • Went all the way to Pacific Ocean • Doubled size of U.S. and now control all of Mississippi River

8. The 2nd War of Independence War of 1812 • “Mr. Madison’s War” • James Madison, President, 1809 – 1817 • Caused by British impressment, encouraging native attacks on American frontier settlers, not leaving Ohio Valley region • Fights with natives on frontier; naval battles on Great Lakes • Washington, D.C. burned • “Star Spangled Banner” after Ft. McHenry • Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 1814 • Essentially did nothing but stop the fighting

9. They like me! They really like me! Era of Good Feelings • James Monroe’s Presidency (1817 – 1825) • (Ran unopposed for 2nd term!) • Created 2nd Bank of the United States • Protective tariff of 1816 to encourage domestic manufacturing • Began building canals (Erie) and roads (National) and RRs • McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) • Yes, “necessary and proper” means implied powers • Constitution is the “supreme law of the land” • Monroe Doctrine (pg. 994) • To Europe: Stay out of Western Hemisphere, and we’ll stay out of European Affairs • “We are the watchdog of the Western Hemisphere.”

10. Industrial Revolution • Factory plans snuck over from Great Britain • First mills next to rivers • Mostly textiles (cloth) • Eli Whitney • Cotton gin • Increased need for slaves! • King Cotton + rice, tobacco, sugarcane in South • Telegraph • Lines next to RR’s • Cities grow • Conditions disgusting • Nativism • Beginnings of labor unions Lowell Mills in Massachusetts Created a town around the mills Employed many young, single women Had living quarters, shops, churches, schools, etc. Good pay for a single gal, but brutal hours and work

11. Section 2:Growing Division and Reform • Sectionalism is becoming more pronounced • South holding on to slavery and states’ rights • North holding on to importance of industry and strong national government • Missouri Compromise - 1820 • Missouri wants to enter as slave state • Upset balance in Senate (11 free states, 11 slave) • Let in Maine as free and Missouri as slave state • Crisis temporary adverted John Quincy Adams (yes, John Adams son) Disputed election President: 1825 - 1829

12. 1829 - 1837 “King Andrew” Jackson (President) • Many more gained voting rights • More education available • Spoils System • Nullification Crisis • (John C. Calhoun of SC) • Bank of the U.S. argument • Trail of Tears (Indian Removal Act) • New party emerges: Whigs Martin Van Buren—first Whig President; Panic of 1837 (Prez 1837 – 1841) William H. Harrison (“Tippecanoe”) (1841) John Tyler (1841 – 1845) then Polk…

13. Second Great Awakening • Protestant Revival • Closer, more real relationship with Jesus • Preachers held tent revivals, traveled throughout country • Thousands of slaves baptized, whites, too • Benevolent Societies started looking at the welfare of all Americans • Mormons began during this period • Joseph Smith, then Brigham Young to Salt Lake City

14. Social Reform Movements • Temperance (No alcohol) • Prison reform/Hospital improvements • Education reform • More free public schools for elementary grades • More colleges opened; some for women, blacks • Women’s Movement • Suffrage (voting rights) + more equal treatment • Elizabeth Cady Stanton—Seneca Falls Convention • Women and men gathered • Write a Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions • Modeled after Dec. of Independence, but includes suffrage

15. Abolitionist Movement • Abolish slavery • Whites and blacks, men and women • (Often reformers worked with abolition and women’s rights or another cause) • Sought immediate emancipation of slaves • Frederick Douglass, former slave, wrote book, newspaper articles • Increased hostilities between North and South • Southerners saw slavery as necessary for life and economic growth for the nation

16. Go West, Young Man. --Horace Greeley Idea that the United States was suppose to spread from Atlantic to Pacific. Section 3:Manifest Destiny and Crisis • Louisiana Purchase increased U.S. • All that land, just waiting to be settled! • U.S. becoming “crowded” near shores • Time to explore and migrate! • Ready to fight to get Oregon Country (OR, WA, ID and part of British Columbia) • “54’ 40° or Fight” was President Polk’s campaign slogan • Great Britain decided to let us have Oregon instead of having another war • Divided the territory along the 49th parallel

17. The Stars at Night, Are Big and Bright… • Deep in the Heart of Texas! • Texas owned by Mexico • Encourage American settlers to come in • Americans had to “become Mexican”: swear allegiance to flag, learn Spanish, and become Catholic • Eventually Texans unhappy • Alamo, San Jacinto, other battles (1836) • Texas wins independence and becomes its own country: The Lone Star Republic! • After 10 years and some trickery, becomes part of U.S.

18. Moving West • By 1840’s, several routes “out west” had been surveyed and written about • Buy a guide book, get a wagon, load up, and go! • Takes about 6 months to get from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon • Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, Barlow Trail, Mormon Trail, Chisholm Trail, others • Go to Oregon, Salt Lake, California, AZ/NM, TX 1840’s – 1860’s

19. Mexican-American War • U.S. annexes Texas + U.S. offers to buy CA/NM + disputes over border between TX/Mexico + “the Thornton Affair” (a skirmish between U.S. and Mexican soldiers in the disputed territory) = War declared on May 13th, 1846 • Battles in Mexico (U.S. marches on Mexico City and captures the capital in Sept. 1847—war was essentially over at that point) • Winfield Scott, Zachary Taylor • California stages a revolution against Mexico • Creates Bear Flag Republic (very briefly) • John C. Frémont • Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in Feb. 1848 • U.S. buys the “Mexican Cession”—includes CA, NV, UT, parts of AZ, NM, CO, WY, TX

20. Does not mean it WILL happen, but South is afraid it will… Southern Fears California enters as a free state Non-slave states become a majority in the Senate South loses power in federal gov’t. Wilmot Proviso proposed, pass in House of Reps. (Senate refuses to vote on it.) “Popular sovereignty” in new territories gained from Mexico—let the people decide if slave or free. Slavery limited or abolished eliminated/ made illegal States secede Leave the union (country)

21. Compromise of 1850 Called popular sovereignty

22. New Territorial Troubles • Arguments over route for Transcontinental RR • Popular Sovereignty leads to violence in Kansas (“Bleeding Kansas”) and Nebraska • John Brown and sons/Border Ruffians • Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

23. The Crisis Deepens • More steps closer to war… • Creation of Republican Party • Keep slavery out of territories • Stop rich southerners from having so much power • American Party/Know-Nothing Party • Anti-Catholic and nativist • James Buchanan as President • Didn’t stop the events from progressing towards war • Dred Scott vs. Sanford (see pg. 1004) • Slaves are property • Have no right to sue in court • Bleeding Kansas even more violent • John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry, VA, to start a slave rebellion (he was hung and seen a martyr by some) • Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe

24. Election of 1860 • Four candidates for 1860 Presidential election • Republicans: Abraham Lincoln (relative unknown) • Northern Democrats: Stephen Douglas • Southern Democrats: John C. Breckenridge • Constitutional Union Party: John Bell Yo Democrats! Don’t split the vote!!! The winner? Abraham Lincoln—16th President South is terrified!

25. The Union (U.S.) Dissolves • Nov. 1860: Lincoln elected • Dec. 1860: Crittenden Compromise • Feb. 1861: • 7 Southern states had seceded • Get together to create Confederate States of America • Chose Jefferson Davis as President

26. 33 hours of bombardment Not a single man died! Section 4:The Civil War • April 11th, 1861 – Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard demands the surrender of Ft. Sumter in Charleston Harbor, South Carolina, from Major Robert Anderson. • The reply was: “I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your communication, demanding the evacuation of this fort, and to say, in reply thereto, that it is a demand with which I regret that my sense of honor and my obligations to my Government prevent my compliance.”

27. Union (North) Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers to serve for 90 days Lincoln worried about border states (KY, MO, MD) – all stay in Union Anaconda Plan Mississippi River Take Richmond Naval Blockade Suspends habeas corpus Confederacy (South) Four more states join (11 total) Capital in Richmond, VA Robert E. Lee chosen to become head of army “If you want us to come back, you’ll have to bring us back” Chose to do a defensive war Hoped for Cotton Diplomacy War Begins

28. Union More naval officers and ships More people Better economy More stable gov’t. More manufactur-ing Industrial powerhouse Could grow more food Confederacy Many well trained army officers (many with war experience) Most southern planters actually in debt Printed own money (which becomes worthless) “Confedera-tion”

29. Modern War • War of attrition • If so, who would win? (See previous chart.) • Conoidal bullet • Air surveillance • Gatling gun • Iron clad ships • 12-pounder Napoleon • Fast blockade runner ships

30. Significant People

32. 1861 • July 21: First actual battle of the war occurs near Bull Run, Virginia (a.k.a. Manassas). Confederate victory. Battle of 1st Manassas (1st Bull Run), 1861 - YouTube • August 6: The first Confiscation Act is passed by the U.S. Congress. The Act allows for the confiscation of enemy property, including slaves. • November 2: McClellan becomes General-in-Chief of the United States forces (Union), replacing aging General Winfield Scott. • November 7: The United States Navy captures Port Royal, South Carolina. (Blockage ports!)

33. 1862 U.S. Grant: Unconditional Surrender • January 15: Edwin M. Stanton becomes the U.S. Secretary of War. • February 6: Ulysses S. Grant and Andrew H. Foote seize Fort Henry and Fort Donelson (western TN). The victory is significant, since Grant requires a total surrender. • February 25: Union forces occupy Nashville. • March 9: The first ironclads (armored ships), the Union Monitor and the Confederate Virginia, clash. The battle ends in a draw. Modern naval warfare begins! • March 11: Dissatisfied with McClellan’s performance, Lincoln demotes him. • March 23-: Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson conducts Shenandoah Valley Campaign (western Virginia) to distract Union forces. --June 9th • April 5: Beginning of the siege of Yorktown by the Army of the Potomac. (Blockade ports) • April 6-7: Battle of Shiloh is the first major bloodbath of the war. Thomas J. Jackson earns the nickname “Stonewall” and Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnson dies. • April 29: Actions of Admiral Farragut and his fleet allow the Union to take New Orleans. Union forces will hold this significant port for the rest of the war. (Blockade THE port!) • May 4: McClellan (in charge of Army of the Potomac) takes Yorktown, after the Confederates have evacuated. • June 19: Slavery becomes illegal in all the territories. • June 25 - July 1st: Seven Days’ Battles. Lee prevents McClellan from reaching Richmond.

34. 1862, con’t. • July 22: Lincoln shares his first draft of the Emancipation Proclamation with his cabinet. • August 29 - 30: Second Battle of Bull Run. • September 11: Lee’s forces move north into Hagerstown, Maryland. (Union territory…what happened to the idea of a defensive war?) • September 17: McClellan’s forces defeat Lee’s in the Battle of Antietam, Maryland (a.k.a. Sharpsburg). The battle is McClellan’s only significant victory and it lifts Union morale. It is the bloodiest day of the war: 23,000+ died. • September 22: The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation is issued. Gives Union troops a reason to fight, give southerners a reason to fear losing the war. • September 27: Free blacks join the first Union regiment of African American soldiers. • October 3-4. Battle of Corinth, Mississippi. • October 8: Battle of Perryville, Kentucky. • November 7: Ambrose E. Burnside replaces McClellan as the commander of the Army of the Potomac. • December 13: Battle of Fredericksburg. Union forces lose 13,000 troops and the Confederates lose 5,000. • December 29: Battle of Chickasaw Bayou (on the Mississippi River!). • December 31 – January 3rd: Battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee (a.k.a. Stones River).

35. 1863 • January 1: Issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation. • January 23: Joseph Hooker replaces Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac. • March 3: Congressional approval of Federal Conscription Act. (A draft is created.) • April 2: Crowds in Richmond & other southern cities riot over lack of food. • May1-4: Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia. “Stonewall” Jackson is wounded by friendly fire and dies some days later. His death is a great loss to the South. • May 18: Beginning of the siege of Vicksburg. (Take control of the Mississippi River!) • June 20: West Virginia is admitted to the Union. (It took about 2 years to become official.) • June 27: George Gordon Meade replaces Hooker as commander of the Army of the Potomac. • July 1-3: Battle of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania is a significant loss for the South. • http://mn-media-cluster-1.discoveryeducation.com/videos/5/GettysburgTheBattle/GettysburgTheBattle_J_256k.wmv • July 4: Lee retreats from Gettysburg. Vicksburg surrenders, which allows the Union to control the length of the Mississippi. • July 13: Draft Riots in New York City. • July 18: An all black regiment, the 54th Massachusetts shows its bravery in the assault on Fort Wagner. (Rent the movie Glory with Denzel Washington and Matthew Broderick!) • August 21: William Quantrill raids Lawrence, Kansas (Quantrill’s Raiders). • September 19 - 20: Battle of Chickamauga (outside Chattanooga, TN). • November 19: Lincoln gives the Gettysburg Address. (8th Ntbk pg) • December 8: Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction is issued to declare policy for Confederate territory occupied by the Union. • December 16: Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston takes charge of the Army of Tennessee.

36. 1864 • March 9: Ulysses S. Grant is made Lieutenant General and given charge of the Armies of the United States. • May 4: The Army of the Potomac begins its march to take Richmond. • May 5-6: Battle of the Wilderness (VA). • May 7: Union General William T. Sherman begins his march on Atlanta. • June 18: Start of siege of Petersburg, Virginia. • July 12: Confederate Jubal Early’s forces threaten Washington, D.C., but then withdraw. • July 22: Battle of Atlanta. Gone With The Wind (1939) Battle of Atlanta Injuries - YouTube • September 2: Sherman takes Atlanta. • September 7: Sherman orders the evacuation of the citizens of Atlanta and burns the city. • November 8: Lincoln reelected. • November 16: Sherman begins his March to the Sea. • December 22: Sherman enters Savannah, which Confederate forces have already evacuated. Heads north through SC.

37. 1865 • January 31: The Thirteen Amendment is approved by the U.S. House of Representatives. The Thirteen Amendment abolishes slavery. 3/4ths of the states must now ratify it. • February 3: Lincoln meets with Confederate representatives; they refuse to meet his conditions. • February 17: Charleston is evacuated and Sherman’s forces seize Columbia, South Carolina. • March 4: Lincoln is inaugurated for a second term. • March 19: Beginning of the Appomattox campaign. • April 2: Confederate government flees Richmond.( When you leave your capital…the end is near!) • April 3: Union occupation of Richmond and Petersburg. • April 6: At Sayler’s Creek, the Army of the Potomac and Army of Northern Virginia clash for the last time. • April 7: Grant sends a letter to Lee asking him to surrender. • April 9: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House. (A small town in Virginia.) • April 12: Confederates surrender Mobile, Alabama. • April 14: President Lincoln is shot by John Wilkes Booth. Henry Rathbone is wounded in the attack; Lincoln dies the next day. William Seward (Secretary of State) is brutally attacked by Lewis Powell. Federal flag is raised at Fort Sumter for the first times since the war began. Andrew Johnson becomes president • April 26: Confederate General Joseph Johnston surrenders unconditionally to Sherman. John Wilkes Booth is shot to death by Federal soldiers. • May 26: West of the Mississippi, the last Confederate force surrenders. • July 7: Lincoln Assassination conspiratorsMary Surratt, Lewis Powell, George Atzerodt, and David Herold are hanged in Washington, D.C. Another conspirator John Surratt had fled to Canada. • December 18: Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution goes into effect, after being ratified by twenty-seven states.

38. Results of the War • The South was virtually destroyed—physically, emotionally, and economically • Civil War would also usher in the period of Reconstruction which would have a divisive and lasting effect on the nation as a whole. • The slaves were freed through the 13th Amendment; and given citizenship and various rights through the 14th and 15th amendments (known as the Civil War Amendments) • The South became industrialized after the war with the arrival of the Yankee carpet baggers • The old antebellum, plantation based South was essentially wiped off the map, as was its political influence • The federal government now ranked supreme • The federal government could now override southern legislation • Northeastern industrial and financial interests came to influence the direction of the nation and the economy. • Congress subsidized the building of transcontinental railroads. Railroad companies received vast acreage in the West which they later sold to farmers and ranchers populating the area. Once the railroads were completed, the West was opened to further settlement • The debt of the government increased • The Republican Congress also enacted higher tariffs which increased taxes on imported goods; The income tax was used during the war, later to become a permanent part of the Constitution • Written into law that no state can leave the Union

39. Unresolved Issues • Place for free blacks in American society • Economic future for the nation, including industries pursued, agriculture, use of tariffs and taxes, etc. • How best to reconstruct (rebuild) the South…and who is going to pay for it! • How to pay off war debt (for states and national government) 1874: Thomas Nast “The Ignorant Vote”

40. Section 5:Reconstruction • First plans drawn up during war • Lincoln’s 10% Plan was quite generous • Other plans came into being as powers changed in Washington, D.C. and as Reconstruction progressed • See handout! Freedman’s Bureau • Who are carpet baggers and scalawags?

42. President Johnson’s Impeachment • Impeach: To charge with a crime • Charges drawn up by House of Representatives • Senate acts as jury • If found guilty—removed from office • Why Johnson impeached? • In reality, because he wasn’t letting Congress do everything it wanted to do to punish the South! • Final vote for a charge of “high crimes and misdemeanors”? 35 – 19 Whew!

43. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nowsS7pMApI&index=23&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7shttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nowsS7pMApI&index=23&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s