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Plant Nutrition

Plant Nutrition. Powerpoint adopted from: http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:MhSZ0kbKXowJ:teachers.sduhsd.net/lolson/AP%2520Biology/Powerpoint%2520files/35Ch37PlantNutrition2005a.pdf+ap+biology+plant+nutrition&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us&lr=lang_en&client=safari

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Plant Nutrition

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  1. Plant Nutrition Powerpoint adopted from: http://209.85.173.132/search?q=cache:MhSZ0kbKXowJ:teachers.sduhsd.net/lolson/AP%2520Biology/Powerpoint%2520files/35Ch37PlantNutrition2005a.pdf+ap+biology+plant+nutrition&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=2&gl=us&lr=lang_en&client=safari http://www.holmdel.k12.nj.us/faculty/cconover-pannone/Plants/Plant%20Nutrition.pdf

  2. Nutritional Needs • Autotrophic does not mean autonomous • Plants need… • Sun as an energy source • Inorganic compounds as raw materials • Water (H2O) • CO2 • minerals

  3. Essential Elements • Macronutrients (needed in relatively large amounts) • Carbon (C) • Oxygen (O) • Hydrogen (H) • Nitrogen (N) • Phosphorous (P) • Sulfur (S) • Potassium (K) • Calcium (Ca) • Magnesium (Mg) • Micronutrients (needed in very small amounts) • Chlorine • Iron • Manganese • Boron • Zinc • Copper • Nickel • Molybdenum

  4. Nutrient Deficiency • Lack of essential nutrients • Exhibit specific symptoms • Dependent on function of nutrient • Dependent on solubility of nutrient

  5. Water and mineral uptake • Water uptake • Plants cannot extract all water from soil, only free water • osmosis • Cation uptake • Cation uptake is aided by H+ secreation by root cells (proton pump) • Active transport

  6. The Role of Soils • Plants are dependent on soil quality • Texture/structure • Relative amounts of various sizes of soil particles • Composition • Organic and inorganic chemical component • Fertility

  7. Importance of organic matter • Topsoil • Most important to plant growth • Rich in organic matter • Humus • Decomposing organic material • Breakdown of dead organisms, feces, fallen leaves & other organic refuse by bacteria and fungi • Improves soil texture • Reservoir of minerals

  8. Importance of organic matter, cont. • Topsoil, cont. • Organisms • 1 teaspoon of topsoil has 5 billion bacteria living with fungi, algae, protists, insects, earthworms, and nematodes

  9. Soil health as a global issue • Lack of soil conservation • Growing wheat • Raising cattle • Land exposed to wind erosion • Drought • Soil conservation and sustainable agriculture • Maintaining healthy environment • Production of food supply • Economically viable farming industry

  10. Global Issues • Fertility • Erosion • Irrigation • Forestry destruction

  11. Fertilizer • “Organic” fertilizers • Manure, compost, fishmeal • “Chemical” fertilizers • Commercially manufactured • N-P-K ratio

  12. Irrigation • Most often the limiting factor in plant growth • Issues • US rivers reduced to trickles by diversions of water • Soil becomes salty and infertile

  13. Erosion • Topsoil - lost to water and wind erosion • Precautions • Trees as windbreaks • Hillside crops • Contour pattern • Sustainable Agriculture

  14. Soil Reclamation • Removal and storage of contaminated soils • New method: phytoremediation • Biological, nondestructive • cheap

  15. Nitrogen Fixation N2 (gas) N2 (gas) Atmosphere Soil Denitrifying bacteria Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria H+ (from soil) NH4+ (ammonium) Nitrifying bacteria NH3 (ammonia) NO3- (nitrate) NH4+ Ammonifying Bacteria Root Organic material (humus)

  16. Soybean Root Nodule • N fixation by Rhizobium bacteria • Symbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing bacteria and legumes • Bacteroids inside nodules form

  17. Mycorrhizae and Plant Nutrition • Symbiotic relationship • Mycorrhizal fungus gets sugars from the plant • In return, mycorrhizal fungus provides better absorption of water and minerals for the plant • Ectomycorrhizae versus Endomycorrhizae

  18. Unusual Adaptations • Epiphytes • Grows on branches and trunks of trees • Staghorn ferns, orchids • Parasitic Plants • Absorbs sugars and minerals from living hosts • Mistletoe, dodder, and Indian pipes

  19. Carnivorous Plants • Photosynthetic, but obtain minerals and nutrients by killing insects and other small animals • Venus’ flytraps, pitcher plants, sundews

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