Possible Questions Behind the Question?

1. Is the Bible Reliable? Possible Questions Behind the Question? • How do you know the Bible has been accurately translated from the original? • Couldn’t they have accurately recorded a bunch of lies? • How do we know that the Bible is not just a myth that developed over time?

2. To Discover Whether the Bible is Reliable, You Need M.A.P.S.! • Manuscripts • Archaeology • Prophecy • Statistical Probability (M.A.P.S. was developed by Hank Hanegraaff)

3. Establishing The Case For The Reliability Of The New Testament 1. Are the New Testament Documents a Reliable Record of the Things Jesus Said and Did? Manuscript Evidence Three Tests: • Bibliographical • External evidence • Internal evidence

4. Bibliographical Test It examines the textual transmission by which documents reach us. 1. The number of copies • The time interval between the original and the existing copies 3. The degree of accuracy of the copies

5. Author Book (X) Copies Caesar Gallic Wars 1000 yrs 10 Plato c. 1300 yrs 7 Tacitus Annals c. 1000 yrs 20 Pliny Natural History c. 750 yrs 7 Thucydidies History c. 1300 yrs 8 Herodotus History c. 1350 yrs 8 Homer Iliad c. 400 yrs 643 New Testament 50 yrs 100 yrs 150 yrs 225 yrs The Number of Copies 5,686

6. The Number of Copies There are: • 5,686 hand written Greek N.T. manuscripts • 10,000 Latin Vulgate • 9300 Old Latin, Slavic, Arabic, Anglo Saxon, etc. Other Languages – A total of 24,970 [i] manuscript copies of portions of the New Testament exist today [i] McDowell, The New Evidence That Demands A Verdict P. 34

7. The Amount of Time Earliest Manuscript Copy Autograph (No longer extant) Modern version X Question: is it better for X to be longer or shorter?

8. The Amount of Time Answer: the SHORTER the time difference (X) between the earliest manuscript copy (EMC) and the original copies (I.e. autographs) the less likely for the earliest manuscript copy to have undergone “additions” and therefore less scribal error. Autograph = 60 AD EMC = 135 AD Modern version X = 75 years!

9. Author Book Written Earliest Copy (X) Caesar Gallic Wars 100 – 44 BC c. 900 AD 1000 yrs Plato 400 BC c. 900 AD c. 1300 yrs Tacitus Annals 100 AD c. 1100 AD c. 1000 yrs Pliny Natural History 61 – 133 AD c. 850 AD c. 750 yrs Thucydidies History 460 – 400 BC c. 900 BC c. 1300 yrs Herodotus History 480 – 425 BC c. 900 AD c. 1350 yrs Homer Iliad 800 BC c. 400 BC c. 400 yrs New Testament 50 – 100 AD c. 114 fragments c. 200 books c. 250 most of NT c. 325 completeNT 25-50 yrs 100 yrs 150 yrs 225 yrs The Time Test

10. The Time Interval The N.T. has earlier manuscripts closer to the time of original composition. For example: • John Ryland fragment (117-138 A.D.) - one generation • Bodmer Papyrus (150-200 A.D. ) - whole books • Chester Beatty Papyri (250 A.D.) - most of the N.T. • Codex Vaticanus (325-350 A.D.) - nearly all the Bible

11. John Rylands fragment John 18:31-33 - A.D. 117-138 – One generation from original • It was carbon-14 dated what some say is 110-150 A.D. • It contains a few verses of the Gospel of John, John 18:31-33 and a second piece, John 18:37-38. • Since it was found in Egypt, which is some distance from the traditional composition in Asia Minor, we can confirm that the gospel of John was written before the end of the first century.

12. The Bodmer PapryusP66, 72, 75. Contains whole books – About 150-200 A.D. pictured here John 1:1 – 14 • P66 contains 104 leaves of John 1:1-6:11; 6:35b-14:26; and fragments of 40 other pages, John 14-21. • P72 is the earliest known copy of Jude, I Pet. and 2 Pet. • P75 contains most of Luke and John. Dated between 175-225 BC. It contains the earliest know copy of Luke. (See Gen Intro. P390)

13. Chester Beatty Papyri(P45, 46, & 47 ) Contains most of the New Testament – A.D. 250 • P45 alone contains all 4 gospels and Acts. • It is located in the Beatty Museum near Dublin.

14. Codex Sinaiticus, 340 AD Contains half of the Old Testament books and all the N.T. except a few verses such as Mark 16:9-20 and Jn. 7:53-8:11.

15. Codex Vaticanus Contains almost the entire Bible old and new - A.D. 325-350 It includes most of the LXX version of the Old Testament and most of the New Testament in Greek. Missing are I Tim. through Philemon, Heb. 9:14 to the end of the N.T. and the General Epistles.

16. Comparing Ancient Manuscripts Taken from Josh McDowell,The New Evidence That Demands a Verdict, p. 38

17. Degree of Accuracy Even with 25 thousand NT manuscripts, they are so close that we are virtually certain of 97% - 98% of the New Testament. Almost ½ are 1 and 2 word variants for spelling, adding “the”, etc. None of these affect doctrine. For details: www.Bible Query.org

18. Why does the percentage of variant (97.3%) differ from Metzger’s 99.5% “Bruce Metzger was a contributor to Aland et al’s Greek Translation of the New Testament. This Greek translation, gives an estimate of the certainty of the translation. In the 4th edition p.3, the letters mean: A - “indicates that the text is certain” B - “indicates that the text is almost certain” C - “indicates that the Committee had difficulty in deciding which variant to place in the text.” D - “which occurs only rarely, indicates that the Committee had great difficulty in arriving at a decision.” Note that the 3rd edition on p.xii-xiii, has slightly different meanings. A - “virtually certain” B - “some degree of doubt” C - “considerable degree of doubt” D - “very high degree of doubt”

19. The Difference Explained “You arrive at close to the 97.3% figure by including all categories, and the 99.5% figure by only including the C and D categories. The 99.5% figure does not include, for example, many Greek textual variants that were the primary choices the Biblical scholars who translated the NKJV, including the longer ending of Mark, and the pericope of the adulteress in John. Rather than try to say who is right, I simply want to report where trustworthy scholars are not certain or disagree. That is why the 97.3% number all variants except those with extremely obvious conclusions.” Steve Morrison, Apologetic Specialist, Meekness and Truth Ministries

20. Almost all agree - at least 95% accurate… The well-known New Testament scholar Bruce Metzger estimated that the Mahabharata of Hinduism is copied with only about 90 percent accuracy and Homer's Iliad with about 95 percent.[1] By comparison there is only 5% of the New Testament that most Biblical scholars disagree on whether liberal or conservative.[2] With the work of textual criticism it is fair to say that we can be certain of between 97% and 98% of the New Testament words. However, this does not give the full picture because almost one half of the errors consist of one and two word variants in spelling, [1]See F. F. . Bruce, The New Testament Documents: Are they reliable as cited by N. Geisler, B.E.C.A., 533. [2]Keith Elliot and Ian Moir in Manuscripts and the Text of the New Testament: An Introduction for English Readers. (Edinburgh: T. and T. Clark, 1995), page 8 says "Most modern textual critics can agree on the bulk of the text (some 95 per cent of it, perhaps). It is the remaining 5 per cent or so where disputes occur and differing conclusions may be found."

21. Degree of Accuracy “If Comparative trivialities such as changes of order, the insertion or omission of the the article with proper names, and the like are set aside, the words in our opinion still subject to doubt can hardly amount to more than a thousandth part of the New Testament.” B.F. Westcott and F.J.A. Hort, The New Testament in the Original Greek, Vol. 1, p.2

22. Degree of Accuracy A. T. Robertson suggests that the real concern of textual criticism is of a “thousandth part of the entire text.” A. T. Robertons, An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament, 1925, p. 22

23. Understanding the Issue or Errors “Of course with many manuscripts come variations, especially when numerous church fathers paraphrased or attempted to recall a verse from memory. These variations fall into four categories. The first category includes spelling and nonsense readings probably due to circumstances such as a tired scribe writing by candlelight. Seventy percent or more of all manuscript variations fall in this category. The second largest category includes synonyms but where the meaning is unchanged. For example, “Jesus Christ” appears in the text instead of “Christ Jesus.” The third category includes variations in the text that affect meaning but are not found in manuscripts that carry much weight. The fourth category, and by far the smallest, includes variations that affect meaning and are found in decent manuscripts. This fourth category is at best only one percent and it does not impact any major Christian doctrine.” Mike Licona FIRST-PERSON: Is our Bible what originally was written? http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?ID=23278

24. Understanding the Issue or Errors “However, scholars are still usually able to weigh that manuscript against other manuscripts that may be better. Other guidelines are likewise employed in order to arrive at what probably was written in the original. In some cases confidence is not very high. But remember that these instances are rare and they do not change major Christian doctrines. In the end, even many of today’s skeptical scholars would agree that the text of the New Testament we have today is at least 99 percent exact to what originally was written. Only one percent remains in question and no major Christian doctrine is affected. Therefore, today’s Christian can have absolute confidence that the New Testament they read and revere can be relied on as much today as it was in the first century.”--30– Mike Licona FIRST-PERSON: Is our Bible what originally was written? http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?ID=23278

25. How do we know what the original said? (Rom. 3:26) ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT Copy 1: God is #ust and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus. Copy 2: God is j#st and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus. Copy 3: God is ju#t and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus. Copy 4: God is jus# and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus. Original: God is just and the justifier of the one who has faith in Jesus. Note: The NT Documents have far fewer variations than this example. COPY 1 COPY 2 COPY 3 COPY 4

26. And if you received this message, you would have no doubt!"Y#U HAVE WON TEN MILLION DOLLARS""YO# HAVE WON TEN MILLION DOLLARS""YOU #AVE WON TEN MILLION DOLLARS" Note: • Even with mistakes, 100% of the message comes through. • Even though there are different kinds of errors, we still can be sure of the overall message. • The Bible has many less errors in copies than this.

27. “The works of several ancient authors are preserved to us by the thinnest possible thread of transmission …in contrast …the textual critic of the New Testament is embarrassed by the wealth of his material.” Bruce Metzger “To be skeptical of the resultant text of the New Testament books is to allow all of classical antiquity to slip into obscurity, for no document of the ancient period are as well attested bibliographically as the New Testament.” John Warwick Montgomery

28. External Evidence Test • It determines whether other Historical material confirms or denies the internal testimony of the document • The test asks: what sources are there, apart from the documents under analysis, that substantiate its accuracy, reliability and authenticity

29. Extra-Biblical Christian Sources Quotations from early Church Fathers concerning the New Testament Taken from Josh McDowell,The New Evidence That Demands a Verdict, p. 43

30. External Evidence Test “Indeed so extensive are these citations that if all other sources for our knowledge of the text of the New Testament were destroyed, they would be sufficient alone for the reconstruction of practically the entire New Testament.” Bruce Metzger, The Text of the New Testament, p. 86

31. Extra-Biblical Secular Sources Writer Date Subject • Cornellius 112 Death of Jesus at the hands of PilateTacitus • Lucian 2nd cent. The new cult of Christianity • Flavius 66 Life/Death of Jesus Josephus • Suetonius 120 Christ-The reason for Jews expulsion from Rome • Pliny 112 Christians bound not to sin - Jesus • Thallus 52 Histories-Darkness at Christ’s death (eclipse) • Philegon 1st cent. Darkness=Eclipse • Mara Bar- 73 Calamities brought by deaths. Socrates, Serapion Pythagorus, and Jesus

32. Flavius Josephus Jewish historian AD 37-101

33. Roman Source: Josephus Josephus says, “At this time there was a wise man who was called Jesus. And his conduct was good and (he) was known to be virtuous. And many people from among the Jews and other nations became his disciples. Pilate condemned him to be crucified and to die. And those who had become his disciples did not abandon his discipleship. They reported that he had appeared to them three days after his crucifixion and that he was alive; accordingly He was perhaps the Messiah concerning whom the prophets have recounted wonders.” As cited in Josh McDowell, Evidence that Demands a Verdict, p. 85 (Arabic text, 10th Cent.)

34. The Significance of Josephus The significance of this passage by Josephus: • Makes reference to Jesus’ claim to be the Christ • Speak of His miracles • Points out that people perceived Jesus’ teachings as the truth • Indicates the historicity of Pilate and the event of the cross • Records the claim by His disciples that Jesus was resurrected • Documents that Jesus had many converts

35. The Talmud Jewish reference

36. Jewish Source: The Talmud “On the eve of Passover Yeshua was hanged. For forty days before the execution took place, a herald went forth and cried, ‘he is going to be stoned because he has practiced sorcery and enticed Israel to apostasy. Any one who can say anything in his favor, let him come forward and plead on his behalf.’ But since nothing was brought forward in his favor he was hanged on the eve of the Passover.” The Talmud, Sanhedrin, 43a (cf. John 11:8, 16)

37. The Significance of the Talmud The significance of Jewish writings about Jesus: • Confirms the historicity of Jesus’ life. • Confirms His death by the method of crucifixion (The Jewish method of execution would have been stoning) • Indicates that Jesus did do miraculous things but attributed his power to the devil (similar to Mark 3:22; Matt. 9:34; 12:24) • Indicated that Jesus gathered many converts from the Jewish community

38. Story of Jesus from secular writers “Jesus lived during the time of Tiberius Caesar. He lived a virtuous life. He was a wonder worker. He had a brother named James. He claimed to be the Messiah. He was crucified under Pontius Pilate. An eclipse and an earthquake occurred when he died. He was crucified on the eve of the Jewish Passover. His disciples believed that he rose from the dead. His disciples were willing to die for their belief. Christianity spread rapidly as far as Rome. His disciples denied the Roman gods and worshiped Jesus as God.” Taken from Dr. Norman Geisler’s PowerPoint lecture “Twelve Points that Prove Christianity is True” (Order the CD at www.normgeisler.com)

39. Accuracy Established Conclusion from bibliographical and external evidence test “The interval then between the dates of the original composition and the earliest extant evidence becomes so small as to be in fact negligible, and the last foundation for any doubt that the Scriptures have come down to us substantially as they were written has now now been removed. Both the authenticity and the general integrity of the books of the New Testament may be regarded as finally established.” Sir Frederic Kenyon, The Bible and Archaeology, p. 288

40. So, the New Testament Documents Have Been Reliably Copied!

41. 2. How do we know that we don’t have a bunch of accurately copied documents by a bunch of liars? • Manuscript Evidence • Three Tests: • Bibliographical • External evidence • Internal evidence

42. Internal Evidence Test • Determines whether the written record is credible or to what extent • Attempts to gauge the authors ability to tell the truth

43. Criteria for Establishing Credibility Internal Evidence Test David Hume’s criteria for testing the credibility of witnesses: • Do the witnesses contradict each other? • Are there a sufficient number of witnesses? • Were the witnesses truthful? • Were they non-prejudicial? David Hume, Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding, p. 120

44. Internal Evidence Test 1 To be sure, there are minor discrepancies: • One account (Matt. 28:5) mentions only one angel at the tomb. • John says there were two angels at the tomb (John 20:12). • Minor discrepancies in testimony can actually demonstrate the credibility of the witnesses. 1. The witnesses did not contradict each other.

45. What do we do with discrepancies? Matthew (27:5): Judas "hanged himself.“ Acts (1:18): "... falling headlong, he burst openin the middle and all his entrails gushed out." Resolution: “Sometime after hanging himself, his body was discovered, the rope cut, and the body fell on sharp rocks and burst open.” Dr. Norman Geisler

46. Internal Evidence Test 2 2. There was a sufficient number of witnesses. • There are nine different people who wrote the N.T., all of whom were eye witnesses or contemporary to the events they recorded. Six of them are most important to establishing Jesus’ claim of miracles (Matthew, Mark, Luke, John, Acts, and 1 Corinthians). • All of these books bear witness to the miracle of the Resurrection. • In 1 Cor. 15, Paul mentions there were 500 people who saw Jesus after the Resurrection.

47. Internal Evidence Test 3 • Most of them even died for what they taught about Christ (2 Timothy 4:6-8; 2 Peter 1:14). 3. The witnesses were truthful.

48. Internal Evidence Test 4 4. The witnesses were non-prejudicial? • Jesus not only appeared to believers; He also appeared to unbelievers like James. (John 7:5;1 Cor. 15:7) • He appeared to the greatest unbeliever of the day—a Jewish Pharisee named Saul of Tarsus. (Acts 9:5)

49. Internal Evidence Test 4(cont.) • The witnesses to the resurrection had nothing to gain personally. • They were persecuted and threatened with death for their stand. (cf. Acts 4, 5, 8) • The witnesses wrote things that didn’t necessary reflect favorable on them or their cause. • Disciples arguing about positions of honor in heaven; who would have a seat at Jesus right hand (Mt. 20: 21) • Peter not eating with those who were uncircumcised (Gal. 2:11-12) • Women found the tomb empty first (Mt. 28:7-8; Mark 16:5-6; Luke 24:3; Jn. 20:1-2) • Jesus calling Peter Satan (Mt. 16:23)

50. Ten reasons that the New Testament writers told the truthTaken from “I Don’t Have Enough Faith To Be An Atheist, by N. Geisler & F. Turek pp. 275-297 • Left in embarrassing details about themselves. • Multiple times there was no understanding in what Jesus taught (Mark 9:23, Luke 18:34, John 12:16). • They are rebuked – Peter was called Satan by Jesus Himself (Mark 8:33), and Paul rebuked Peter for being incorrect on doctrinal issues (Galatians 2:11). • They were doubters – some even doubted after seeing the resurrected Christ (Mathew 28:17). • People that are trying to pass off a story would not diminish their character while building their case.