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Vestibular Sense

Vestibular Sense. Tells us where our body is oriented in space. Our sense of balance. Located in our semicircular canals in our ears. Kinesthetic Sense. Without the kinesthetic sense you could touch the button to make copies of your buttocks. Tells us where our body parts are.

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Vestibular Sense

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  1. Vestibular Sense Tells us where our body is oriented in space. Our sense of balance. Located in our semicircular canals in our ears.

  2. Kinesthetic Sense Without the kinesthetic sense you could touch the button to make copies of your buttocks. Tells us where our body parts are. Receptors located in our muscles and joints.

  3. Your Senses Vision, Hearing, Smell, Taste, Touch and Body Position

  4. Touch

  5. Touch (Somatosensation) • Touch receptors are on the skin • Four basic skin senses are • Pain, warmth, cold, and pressure • All skin sensations are a combination of these four basic senses • Burning = warmth + cold + pain

  6. Pain • Why do we experience pain?? • Your body’s way of telling you something has gone wrong • Biopsychosocial Perspective on Pain • Biological Influence • Activity in spinal cord • Genetic differences in • endorphin production • The brain’s interpretation • of CNS activity • Psychological Influences • Attention to pain • Learning based on experience • Expectations • Social-Cultural Influences • Presence of others • Empathy for others’ pain • Cultural expectations Personal Experience Of Pain

  7. Why do we feel Pain? Gate-control Theory of Pain • Pain messages travel on one set of nerve fibers containing pain gates. • The gates are open when pain is felt. • Other sensory messages go through another set of fibers. • The nonpain fibers can close the pain gates to stop the sense of pain.

  8. Body Senses

  9. Kinesthetic Sense • The system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts • Relies on receptor cells from the muscles and joints • One’s leg “falling asleep” is a disruption of the kinesthetic sense

  10. Vestibular Sense • The system for sensing body orientation and balance • Relies on fluid in the semicircular canals of the inner ear • Spinning in circles disrupts the fluid.

  11. Vision

  12. http://www.cs.umsl.edu/~sanjiv/cs440/mike_project/retina.gif www.photo.net http://www.fofweb.com/Electronic_Images/onfiles/SciHumPhys11-22c.gif http://webvision.med.utah.edu/imageswv/pupil.jpeg

  13. The Visual System • Far more of the brain is devoted to vision than to any other sense modality. Why? • Enormous importance to our lives – more than any other sense • Human visual system is engaged in complex processing activities

  14. Vision • Photoreceptors in our eyes gather light • Convert its physical energy into neural messages • And send it to the occipital lobe in the brain for decoding and analyzing That’s basically it….

  15. Why Two Eyes? • Produces binocular disparity • Constructing three dimensional world out of two dimensional retinal images http://cgw-shader-pack-1.customgraphicwork.com/Pack1/CGWEye-show1.jpg http://www.calc101.com/animations/3DKaleidoscope.gif

  16. Vision • How does our material body construct our conscious visual experience? • How do we transform particles of light energy into colorful sights?

  17. Transduction Transduction Neural messages Light Eyes Conversion of one form of energy to another. Stimulus energies changed to neural impulses. How is this important when studying sensation? What you consciously see For example: Light energy to vision. Chemical energy to smell and taste. Sound waves to sound.

  18. We only use light energy to see.

  19. What makes up a light wave?

  20. Wavelength • The distance from the peak of one light wave to the peak of the next. • The distance determines the hue (color) of the light we perceive.

  21. Intensity The amount of energy in a light wave. Determined by the height of the wave. The higher the wave the more intense the light is. (brightness)

  22. How do we see in color? What color is this dragon?

  23. Color • The dragon is anything but red. • The dragon rejects the long wavelengths of light that to us are red- so red is reflected of and we see it. • Also, light has no real color. • It is just energy turned into color by our eyes • It is our mind that perceives the color.

  24. What enables you to perceive color?? Two major color theories

  25. Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three color) Theory • Guessed that we have 3 different types of photoreceptor cells in our eyes. • Each with differing sensitivities to different light wavelengths • Realized that any color can be created by combining the light waves of three primary colors RED GREEN BLUE • Most colorblind people simply lack cone receptor cells for one or more of these primary colors. – Not really blind – just limited in what colors they can see Click here to simulate color blindness

  26. Opponent-Process Theory • The visual system has receptors that react in opposite ways to three pairs of colors (red-green, blue-yellow, and white-black). • These are antagonist/ opponent colors. • Light that stimulates one half of the pair inhibits the other half • Produces afterimages Afterimages – colors perceived after other, complementary colors are removed

  27. Afterimage Effect

  28. Parallel Processing • The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously. Motion Form Color Depth

  29. Feature Detection The concept that specific nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape angle or movement.

  30. Other Vision Concepts

  31. Hue • The color of light as determined by the wavelength of the light energy • Includes: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet (ROY G BIV) • The eye can detect 7 million separate hues

  32. Amplitude • The brightness of light as determined by height of the wave • The taller the wave, the brighter the color

  33. THE EYE

  34. THE EYE- inside

  35. Cornea • The clear bulge on the front of the eyeball • Begins to focus the light by bending it toward a central focal point • Protects the eye

  36. Parts of the Eye – Cornea

  37. Iris • A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye; creates a hole in the center of the iris (pupil) • Regulates the size of the pupil by changing its size--allowing more or less light to enter the eye

  38. Parts of the Eye - Iris

  39. Pupil • The adjustable opening in the center of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye (surrounded by the iris) • In bright conditions the iris expands, making the pupil smaller. • In dark conditions the iris contracts, making the pupil larger.

  40. Parts of the Eye - Pupil

  41. Lens • A transparent structure behind the pupil; focuses the image on the back of the eye (retina) • Muscles that change the thickness of the lens change how the light is bent thereby focusing the image • Glasses or contacts correct problems in the lens’ ability to focus.

  42. Parts of the Eye - Lens

  43. Retina • Light-sensitive surface with cells that convert light energy to nerve impulses • At the back of the eyeball • Made up of three layers of cells • Receptor cells • Bipolar cells • Ganglion cells

  44. Parts of the Eye - Retina

  45. Receptor Cells • These cells are present in every sensory system to change (transduce) some other form of energy into neural impulses. • In sight they change light into neural impulses the brain can understand. • Visual system has two types of receptor cells – rods and cones

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