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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. The Slow Progress Toward African American Voting Rights. 15 th AMENDMENT. 1869 Extended the right to vote to all males regardless of race. POLL TAX. a fee paid in order to vote used to discriminate against black voters. LITERACY TESTS.
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THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
The Slow Progress Toward African American Voting Rights
15th AMENDMENT • 1869 • Extended the right to vote to all males regardless of race
POLL TAX • a fee paid in order to vote • used to discriminate against black voters
LITERACY TESTS • Reading tests required to prove one could read in order to register to vote • Often asked absurd questions, such as “How many words are in the Constitution?” “How many bubbles are in a bar of soap?” • Designed to keep blacks from voting after the Civil War
GRANDFATHER CLAUSE • A law that exempted voters from the literacy test if they had voted before or if their grandfathers had voted • This ensured that the literacy test did not keep too many illiterate whites from voting.
1 JIM CROW LAWS Laws in southern states that required segregation of the races and promoted racial discrimination Segregated Bus Station in Dallas, Texas
2 SEGREGATION • A policy of keeping the races separate in public. • Different schools, parks, restaurants, etc. for different races
3 DISCRIMINATION to treat others differently (usually we think of being treated unfairly) because of race, religion, gender, etc.
4 PLESSY v. FERGUSON 1896 - Supreme Court case that ruled that segregation was legal as long as the facilities were “separate but equal.”
5 24TH AMENDMENT • 1962 • abolished the poll tax
6 CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Political activism in the 1950s and 1960s to extend equal treatment and equal rights to all citizens regardless of race
W.E.B. DUBOIS • Early civil rights activist • First African-American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University • Founded the NAACP in 1910
NAACP • Founded in 1909 • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People • Organization dedicated to achieving equalityfor people of all races and ending racial violence in the South
7 BROWN v. TOPEKA BOARD OF EDUCATION • 1954 • Supreme Court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson • Made segregation in schools illegal - ordered schools to integrate • Eventually applied to other public facilities as well
8 THURGOOD MARSHALL First black Supreme Court Justice in 1967 Nominated by President Johnson
9 INTEGRATION The process of putting the races together in public places Integration in Clinton, TN schools: Dec. 1956
10 LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL • 1957 • Arkansas Governor defied the Supreme Court and President Eisenhower by refusing to integrate Central High. • The Governor used National Guard troops to block the entry of 9 African-American students. continued
10 LITTLE ROCK CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL • Mobs of angry people swarmed the high school to protest integration. • Eisenhower placed the National Guard under federal control. • He then sent more federal troops (101st Airborne) to Little Rock to escort the “Little Rock Nine” to classes.
101st Airborne escort the Little Rock 9 into Central High School
Peaceful Strategies for Gaining Civil Rights
11 SNCC • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (“Snick”) • Organized in 1960 • Created to give young students a more active role in the struggle for equality • Participated in sit-ins, marches, and boycotts and other protests
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE • A term coined by Henry David Thoreau and adopted by many civil rights leaders • Non-violent protest • The process of fighting an injustice or unfair law by disobeying it
12 BOYCOTT • Refusing to buy goods and services from companies/businesses until they change their policy • Very effective tool when large numbers of people participate • A favorite tool of the colonists during the American Revolution and a favorite tool of civil rights leaders even today
13 ROSA PARKS • December 1955 - She refused to give up her seat to a white passenger on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. • She was arrested for breaking segregation laws. • Instigated the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Rosa Parks Civil Rights Pioneer 1955
14 MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT • Civil Rights leaders, including MLK, organized a boycott of the bus system in Montgomery • 50,000 blacks refused to use buses • Bus company lost money, but still refused to integrate • Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional • Boycott lasted until Nov. 1956
15 SIT-IN • Protest in which people go to a segregated business and place an order. • If they are refused service, they just sit there until they are served or forced to leave. • Forces businesses to choose between integrating or having a racial disruption.
February 1960 - Sit-in at a lunch counter in Greensboro North Carolina
April, 1960Home of Nashville attorney who defended sit-in participants was bombed
16 MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. • Baptistpreacher in Montgomery, Alabama – 26 years old • Helped organize the bus boycott • Became a major civil rights leader • Won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 • Assassinated in Memphis, Tenn. in April, 1968 continued
16 MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. • Followers practiced civildisobedience and passiveresistance • Organized various peacefulmarches throughout the nation • March on Washington - “I have a dream” speech
17 FREEDOM RIDES • Organized by SNCC • May 4, 1961 - 2 buses filled with black and white activists depart Washington D.C. destined to travel through 7 southern states on the way to New Orleans • Meant to test whether the South would obey the Supreme Court rulings to desegregate buses and other facilities continued
17 FREEDOM RIDES • Riders were beaten by angry white mobs and arrested along the way • One bus was disabled and firebombed in Alabama, and escaping riders were attacked • Other riders took their place and continued • The “freedom riders” continued throughout the summer of 1961
18 “Project C” • April, 1963 – MLK and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference organized a series of protests, demonstrations, and sit-ins Birmingham, Alabama to protest segregation • C = Confront
19 BIRMINGHAM RIOT • Local police used attack dogs and high-pressure fire hoses to disperse crowds • Protesters were beaten with clubs • 900 of them were jailed. continued