Hilus

1. Hilus Greatest thing in the world!

3. Hilus • Small area where the renal artery and nerves enter, and the renal vein and ureter exit the kidney.

4. Location • Concave, medial side of the kidney • Opens into the renal sinus

5. Problems that can occur • Renal artery rips and blood flows into the bladder.

6. Concentration of Urine By: Grant and Xander

7. Urine Concentration Mechanism • Enters through the Bowman Capsule. • 65% of water and NaCl is reabsorbed • Travels down to Loop of Henle • 15% of water is absorbed • Travels back up the Loop of Henle, Water is not permeable here. • 25% of NaCl is reabsorbed. • Travels in to Distal convoluted tubules. • Water and NaCl is reabsorbed in the collecting ducts.

8. Cont. • The Remaining water and NaCl moves to the tip of renal pyramid. • 19% of water is and 10% of NaCl reabsorbed. • Last 1% remains as concentrated urine.

10. Tubular Secretion By: Matt Faccenda & Jake Mauch

11. Definition • The movement of non-filtered substances, not normally produced by the body, from the blood into the filtrate. • 1 of the major processes of urine formation

12. Function • Regulates Body fluid pH • Solutes are secreted across the wall of the nephron into the filtrate • Occurs when the nephron cells transport solutes from the blood into the filtrate

13. Secretion • Secretes: • Hydrogen • dopamine • Epinephrine • Morphine • Potassium • Ammonia • Secreted by Active and Passive Transport

14. Movement • Solutes move from Capillaries to the Nephron through both active and passive transfer • Active means active transport through direct physical movement • Passive transfer is through diffusion

15. Urinary Bladder James Kiai Collin Veldman

16. Function and Structure • Hollow, Muscular Container that lies in the Pelvic Cavity just posterior to the symphysis pubis. • Acts like a reservoir for urine until it can be eliminated quickly at an appropriate time and place. • The walls of the Urinary Bladder are lined with Transitional Epithelium, which is surrounded by a connective tissue layer (Lamina Propria), smooth muscle layers and a fibrous adventitia. • Elimination of urine from the Urinary Bladder is called MICTURITION.

17. LOCATION • MALES • Urinary Bladder is just anterior to the rectum • FEMALES • It is located just anterior to the Vagina and inferior and anterior to the Uterus.

18. OTHER INFO • When no urine is present in the urinary bladder, internal pressure is about 0mm Hg. Pressure continues to rise as volume increases • Urinary Bladder was built to withstand a large volume of fluid, up to 1 L of fluid. • In order to make sure urine does not backflow into the ureter, the urinary bladder will compress.

19. The Kidneys By: Tony Romo & Matt Bower

20. Facts & Location • The Kidneys are bean-shaped • They are the each about the size of a tightly clenched fist. • Location: they lie behind the peritoneum on the posterior abdominal wall on each side of the vertebral column near the lateral borders of the psoas major muscles.

21. Function Of Kidneys • The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. • The primary function of the kidney is regulation of body fluid composition • The kidney is the organ that sorts the chemicals from the blood for either removal in the urine or return to the blood. • Chemicals that are waste products, toxins, and excess materials are permanently removed from the body

22. Parts To The Kidney • The kidneys are organized into two major regions: an outer cortex and an inner medulla surrounding the renal sinus. • The medulla is composed of cone-shaped structures called renal pyramids

23. Diseases • Kidney Stones • Staghorn Stones • Hematuria- blood in urine

24. Diseases of the Kidneys By. Isabel and Sarah

25. Inflammation of the Kidneys • Glomerulonephritis • Inflammation of the filtration membrane within the renal capsule. Causing an increase in the filtration membranes permeability. • Acute Glomerulonephritis • Occurs 1-3 weeks after sever bacterial infection “strep throat”. • Chronic Glomerulonephritis • Long term, progressive process and the filtration membrane thickens. Eventually replaced by connective tissue then kidneys become nonfunctional.

26. Continued • Pyelonephritis • Begins as bacterial such as E. Coli that leads to infection of the renal pelvis. • It will spread to the kidneys and can destroy nephrons, corpuscles, and loop of Henley. • Reducing kidneys ability to concentrate urine.

27. Renal Failure • Acute Renal Failure • Damage to the kidney is rapid and extensive: leads to accumulation of wastes in the blood • If renal failure is complete, death can occur in 1-2 weeks. • Chronic Renal Failure • Caused by permanent damage to some nephrons that the remaining nephrons are inadequate for normal kidney functions. • Trauma to the kidneys, tumors, and kidney stones.

28. Kidney Stones • Hard objects usually found in the pelvis of the kidney. • The symptoms are back pain, side pain, groin pain, and blood appears in the urine. • Caused by calcium build up.

29. GLOMERULAR FILTRATION By: Collin and Jamie

30. Glomerular filtration is the 1st process in urine formation. • This process cleans the plasma that is inside of the blood. • It is maintained by autoregulation • The rate of filtration is normal at rest • The rate of filtration is lowered in exercise • The rate of filtration drops drastically when the body goes into shock

31. GFR • Glomerular filtration rate is the amount of plasma (filtrate) that enters the bowman capsule per minute; equals renal plasma flow times the percent (19%; filtration fraction) of the plasma that enters the renal capsule OR: • 125 mL filtrate/ min X 0.19= 125mL filtrate/min • Measurement of GFR can indicate a degree of kidney damage.

32. GFR CONT.. • A high plasma concentration and a lower than normal clearance value for urea indicates a reduced GFR and kidney failure. • GFR can be monitored for changes in people experiencing kidney failure.

33. Ureters Christy Bythrow and Sierra Kennelly

34. What are the Ureters? • Tubes connecting urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder • They are lined with transitional epithelium • Made of stratified cells that appear cube shaped when the organ is not stretched • When it is stretched it is squamous

35. Formation • Formed when the mesonephric duct extends caudally and it eventually joins the cloaca at the point of junction • This forms the ureter

36. Location • They extend inferiorly and medially from the renal pelvis at the renal hilum of each kidney to the urinary bladder • They enter on the posteriolateral surface of the urinary bladder • Behind the small intestines

37. Part of the Ureters

38. Cross-section of the Ureter

39. Function • The hydrostatic pressure • 0mm Hg in the renal pelvis • No pressure gradient exists to force the urine through the ureters to the urinary bladder • Peristaltic contractions • Occur when the smooth muscle in the walls of the ureters contract • Velocity: 3cm per second • Forces urine through ureters • Urinary bladder • Compressing part of the ureter • Prevents backflow

40. Disorders • Strictures • Abnormally narrow parts • Stones • Like kidney stones but located in ureters

41. Urethra Al and P

42. Urethra • Male • 20 cm long, 3 sections • Prostatic Urethra • Connected to the bladder • Passes through the prostate gland • Small ducts empty into the urethra • Membranous • Shortest part • Prostate  perineum • Spongy Urethra • Longest part • Extends to the end of the penis • Stratified columnar epithelium lines the urethra • Several mucus secreting glands empty into the urethra • Penis carries semen as well as urine • Female • Not used for sexual reproduction • Only urination • Internal opposed to male external • Much shorter than male

43. Diseases • Urethritis • Infection of the urethra • Cancer of the urethra • Foreign bodies found in the urethra • Electrical wire • Hypospadias • Birth defect that causes urethra orifice to be located not on the distal end of the penis

44. Tubular Reabsorption Courtney and Allyson

45. Definition • Water’s nutrients leave tubules by diffusion to enter the surrounding tissue • Then, they enter the blood supply and return to circulation. • Wastes and urea are kept within the tubules to be excreted with urine.

46. Overview • Bowman’s capsules  FILTRATE  proximal convoluted tubule  Loop of Henle  distal convoluted tubule  collecting ducts • Processes involved: simple & facilitated diffusion, active transport, symport, and osmosis

47. Areas of Reabsorption • Reabsorption in Proximal Convoluted Tubule: responsible for majority of reabsorption, carrier proteins bind to Na+ and other substances • Reabsorption in the Loop of Henle: H2O moves out of nephron by osmosis • Reabsorption in Distal Convoluted Tubule: under hormonal control and depends on the condition of the body, urine is produced

49. Non-Kidney Related Diseases By Matt Gergely…And Madison Gonzalez…kind of…

50. Cystitis • Inflammation of bladder • Infection from bacteria • About 30% of women will contract in lifetime • Catheters