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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Lifespan Development. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory * Video. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, cont. Research on Development. Cross Sectional Research * Compares people of different ages at one time. Problem – individual differences unrelated to age Longitudinal Research *

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Lifespan Development

  2. Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory * Video

  3. Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, cont.

  4. Research on Development • Cross Sectional Research * • Compares people of different ages at one time. • Problem – individual differences unrelated to age • Longitudinal Research * • Follow the same individual or group over a long period of time • Compare the variable of interest at different times • Problem – takes years to do study.

  5. Prenatal Development, pt. 1 • Germinal Period * • Zygote (fertilized egg) • Conception – Implantation • First 10-14 days • Differentiates between zygote and outside cells • Outside cells will become protective structures

  6. Prenatal Part 2: Embryo * • 2-8 weeks • Major internal and external organs develop • Amniotic sac, Placenta, Umbilical Cord • Teratogens * • Harmful material affecting development • Drugs, alcohol, toxins, viruses, smoking • Fetal Alcohol Syndrome * • Limb & facial abnormalities, retardation Video

  7. Prenatal, Part 3: The Fetus * • 9 weeks – birth • From less than one ounce to 6-8 pounds • Growth and maturation of organs • Senses and preferences

  8. Infancy and Early Childhood • Contact Comfort * • The infant’s need for physical contact Video • Attachment * • Infant’s need to be with caregiver • Stranger Anxiety * Video • Fear of unknown people; 5/6 mo, lessens at 12 mo • Separation Anxiety * Video • Fear of being left by caregiver; 8mo – 30mo.

  9. Patterns of Attachment • Strange Situation Test – Ainsworth Video • Secure Attachment * • 60%; explore; cry when left; comforted on return • Avoidant Attachment * • 15%; don’t explore, avoid or ignore mother • Disorganized (anxious)* • 15%; No consistent method of coping • Ambivalent Attachment * • 10% Wary, clinging; distress when left, ambivalent on return

  10. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development

  11. Piaget’s Stages

  12. Moral Development: Reasoning • Watch this Video. Decide what you would do. More importantly, decide WHY you would do it. • Which stage of Kohlberg’s theory represents your reasoning?

  13. Gender Role Development • Sex * • Biological M/F • XX or XY chromosomes • Gender * • Cultural definition of masculine & feminine • Gender Role * • Cultural expectations about appropriate behavior for each gender

  14. Theories of Gender Role Development • Social Learning Theory * • Modeling • Media • Reinforcement for gender appropriate behaviors • Gender Schema Theory * • Gender is an important category • Child seeks information • Child develops expectations for gender roles.

  15. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles * • Authoritarian * • Traditional hierarchy, strict rules, punish to control • Possible consequences: unhappiness, rebellion • May work in other cultures or subcultures. • Permissive* (2 kinds) • a) Negligent– ignore kids: kids wild, confused, sad, or angry • b) Loving – indulgent; spoiled, lack boundaries • Authoritative * • Communication; Caring; Rules + Negotiation • Kids learn to make decisions; more mature, successful

  16. Discuss in small groups or as a class. • What parenting style did your parent’s use? • What effect do you think it had on you? • How did your temperament affect your parents and their style? • Why do you think different styles work better in different cultures? • How do you think parenting styles should adapt or change with the age of the child?

  17. Discussion Concepts for Adulthood • Change is steady, less dramatic in adulthood. • Social Clock • Marriage • Decisions about parenting • Work and Education • Menopause • Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence • Retirement

  18. Alzheimer’s Disease * • One form of dementia • Slow decline over many years • Physical, mental, emotional, social effects • Memory problems earliest symptom • Multiple possible causes, inc. genetics, environment, diet, inflammation in brain, glia. • Amyloid plaques; tau proteins, tangles • Problems for society, caregivers. Video

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