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TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 4: Basics of Telecommunications and Networks

TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 4: Basics of Telecommunications and Networks. The Telecommunications System Network Fundamentals Communications Protocols. A Typical Telecommunications System. Transmission Rate and Capacity.

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TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 4: Basics of Telecommunications and Networks

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  1. TECHNOLOGY GUIDE 4: Basics of Telecommunications and Networks • The Telecommunications System • Network Fundamentals • Communications Protocols

  2. A Typical Telecommunications System

  3. Transmission Rate and Capacity • Data rate over a channel is measured as bps (bits per second),kbps, Mbps, Gbps, etc. • Each type of channel has a maximum data transmission capacity, measured by Bandwidth(in kHz, MHz, or GHz).

  4. Cable Communications Media Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Two or more pairs of insulated copper wires twisted together to minimize electromagnetic interference (EMI) between adjacent wires Coaxial Contains a solid inner copper conductor surrounded by insulation and outer braided foil shield. It has a higher capacity than UTP Fiber-Optic Made of light-conducting glass or plastic core, surrounded by more glass, called cladding, and a tough outer sheath. It has the highest capacity, is immune to EMI, and is used mostly as backbones

  5. Networking Fundamentals • Three different roles: • Servers • Clients • Peers

  6. Local Area Network (LAN) • Covers a small physical area; is wholly owned and maintained by the user organization Switch

  7. A Small Home LAN UTP cable UTP cable

  8. Wide Area Network (WAN) • Covers a large area; requires services from a service provider (e.g., phone companies) Branch B Leased Access Line Branch A Branch C Wide Area Network Cloud Leased Access Line Leased Access Line Headquarter

  9. Communications Protocols • Rules and procedures that govern computer-to-computer communications • e.g., Ethernet Protocol • e.g., Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)

  10. Ethernet Protocol • Listen before transmitting / Listen while transmitting Explanation: 1. Stations 4 & 6 transmits at the same time. 2. Their signals collide. Both stations stop transmitting. 3. After a random waiting period, Station 6 transmits again. 4. Station 4 transmits after Station 6 is done.

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