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Chapter 35

Chapter 35. Mammals. Section 1. The Mammalian Body. Key Characteristics of Mammals. Most large terrestrial animals are mammals Whales are aquatic Bats fly through the air Most mammals share the following characteristics Hair Diverse and specialized teeth Endothermic metabolism

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Chapter 35

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  1. Chapter 35 Mammals

  2. Section 1 The Mammalian Body

  3. Key Characteristics of Mammals • Most large terrestrial animals are mammals • Whales are aquatic • Bats fly through the air • Most mammals share the following characteristics • Hair • Diverse and specialized teeth • Endothermic metabolism • Mammary glands that produce milk

  4. Hair • Characteristic only found in mammals • Whales and dolphins have sensitive bristles • Hair • Filament composed mainly of dead cells that are filled with the protein keratin • Thought to have derived from reptilian hair • Primary function is insulation • Also used for camouflage • Can perform sensory functions • Whiskers

  5. Mammalian Teeth • Teeth specialized for diet • Carnivores • Herbivores • Mammals generally have 2 sets of teeth • Milk teeth • Permanent teeth • 4 types of teeth: • Incisors • Front teeth used for biting • Canines • Used for stabbing and holding • Premolars • Crush and grind food • Molars • Crush and grind food

  6. Body Temperature • Endotherms • Warm-blooded • Temp. maintained during day and night • Allows them to be active at all hours • Allows them to live in variety of climates • Must consume large amounts of food to maintain high metabolic rate

  7. Respiratory System • Large internal surface area that aids in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide • Much more efficient than amphibians and reptiles • Aided by diaphragm • Lungs contain alveoli • Provide more surface area for more diffusion

  8. Heart and Circulatory System • Contain a 4-chambered heart with divided ventricles • Double loop circulatory system • One loop pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body • One loop pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

  9. Parental Care • Nourish young after birth • Mammary glands found on the chest or abdomen of females • Produce nutrient-rich energy source called milk • Nourished with milk until weaning stage • Time when mother stops nursing

  10. Section 2 Today’s Mammals

  11. Mammalian Diversity • Variety of sizes • Various body compositions • Live in a variety of habitats • Range in weight from 0.1 oz – 150 tons

  12. Reproduction • Internal fertilization • Process is different in each group: • Monotremes • Marsupials • Placental mammals

  13. Monotremes • All modern monotremes live in Australia, New Guinea, and South America • Platypus, spiny anteaters • Reproduce by laying eggs

  14. Marsupials • Kangaroos, koalas, opossums • Young are born days or weeks after fertilization • Young crawl into the pouch on the mothers abdomen

  15. Placental Mammals • Develop in females uterus • Placenta • Allows diffusion of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus • Gestation period • Period of time between fertilization and birth • Length depends on species • Development time outside of the womb varies with species

  16. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Rodentia • Specialized teeth for gnawing • 2 pairs of large incisors • Herbivores • Success attributed to: • Intelligence • Small size • Rapid reproduction • Range in size from a few ounces to 95 lbs.

  17. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Chiroptera • Bats • Only mammals capable of true flight • Active during the night • Most are carnivorous • Use echolocation to locate prey

  18. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Insectivora • Mammals that mainly eat insects • High metabolic rate • Need to eat up to twice their body weight each day

  19. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Carnivora • Carnivores • Usually divided into 2 groups: • Cat family • Dog family • Strong • Extremely intelligent • Great sense of hearing, vision, and smell

  20. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Pinnipedia • Marine carnivores • Walruses, Seals and sea lions • Feed at sea, live on land • All 4 limbs modified as flippers • Insulating layer of blubber

  21. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Primates • Humans belong to this group • Non-human primates mainly live in trees • Opposable thumbs

  22. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Artiodactyla • Classified as ungulates • Hooved mammals • Herbivores • Live in herds • Contain an even number of toes within their hooves • Cud • Partially digested food that is regurgitated and rechewed • Pigs, hippos, deer, antelope, giraffes, sheep

  23. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Perissodactyla • Ungulates with odd number of toes • Horses, zebras, rhinos • Do not chew their cud • Microbes digest cellulose

  24. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Cetacea • Divided into 2 groups: • Predatory-toothed • Whales, dolphins, porpoises • Filter feeders • Baleen whales • Front limbs modified into flippers • No hind limbs • Nostril on top of head • Blow hole • Communicate through series of clicks

  25. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Lagomorpha • Rabbits and hares • 1 pair of long incisors • Long hind legs specialized for hopping • Rabbits • Build nests lined with fur • Young are born furless • Hares • Do NOT build nests • Young are born with fur

  26. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Sirenia • Manatees • Front limbs modified into flippers • Feed on aquatic plants • Closely related to elephants

  27. Modern Placental Mammals • Order Proboscidea • African and Indian elephants • Long, boneless trunk • Incisors are modified into tusks • Live in herds of a dominate male, numerous females and multiple young.

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