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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. Inverse Circular Functions and Trigonometric Equations. 6.1. Inverse Circular Functions. Any horizontal line will intersect the graph of a one-to-one function in at most one point. The inverse function of the one-to-one function f is defined as. Horizontal Line Test.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 Inverse Circular Functions and Trigonometric Equations

  2. 6.1 Inverse Circular Functions

  3. Any horizontal line will intersect the graph of a one-to-one function in at most one point. The inverse function of the one-to-one function f is defined as Horizontal Line Test

  4. Inverse Functions Review • 1. In a one-to-one function, each x-value corresponds to only one y-value and each y-value corresponds to only one x-value. • 2. If a function f is one-to-one, then f has an inverse function f-1. • 3. The domain of f is the range of f-1and the range of f is the domain of f-1. • 4. The graphs of f and f-1 are reflections of each other about the line y = x. • 5. To find f-1(x) from f(x), follow these steps. • Replace f(x) with y and interchange x and y. • Solve for y. • Replace y with f-1(x).

  5. Inverse Sine Function • means that x = sin y, for • Example: Find

  6. sin1 2 Not possible to evaluate because there is no angle whose sine is 2. Examples

  7. Inverse Sine Function

  8. Inverse Cosine Function • means that x = cos y, for • Example: Find

  9. Inverse Cosine Function

  10. Inverse Tangent Function • means that x = tan y, for

  11. Inverse Tangent Function

  12. Other Inverse Functions

  13. Examples • Find the degree measure of  in the following. • a)  = arctan 1 b)  = sec1 2 • a)  must be in (90, 90), since 1 > 0,  must be in quadrant I. The alternative statement, tan  = 1, leads to  = 45. • b) sec  = 2, for sec1x,  is in quadrant I or II. Because 2 is positive,  is in quadrant I and sec 60 = 2.

  14. Example • Find y in radians if y = arctan(6.24). • Calculator in radian mode • Enter tan1(6.24) y  1.411891065 • Find y in radians if y = arccos 2. • Calculator in radian mode • Enter cos1(2) (error message since the domain of the inverse cosine function is [1, 1].

  15. Example: Evaluate the expression without using a calculator. • Let • The inverse tangent function yields values only in quadrants I and IV, since 3/2 is positive,  is in quadrant I.

  16. Example: Evaluate the expression without using a calculator continued • Sketch and label the triangle. • The hypotenuse is

  17. Example • Evaluate the expression without using a calculator. • Let arcsin 2/5 = B • Since arcsin 2/5 = B, sin B = 2/5. Sketch a triangle in quadrant I, find the length of the third side, then find tan B.

  18. Example continued

  19. 6.2 Trigonometric Equations I

  20. Solving a Trigonometric Equation • Decide whether the equation is linear or quadratic in form, so you can determine the solution method. • If only one trigonometric function is present, first solve the equation for that function. • If more than one trigonometric function is present, rearrange the equation so that one side equals 0. Then try to factor and set each factor equal to 0 to solve.

  21. Solving a Trigonometric Equation continued • If the equation is quadratic in form, but not factorable, use the quadratic formula. Check that solutions are in the desired interval. • Try using identities to change the form of the equation. If may be helpful to square both sides of the equation first. If this is done, check for extraneous solutions.

  22. Example: Linear Method • Solve 2 cos2x 1 = 0 • Solution: First, solve for cos x on the unit circle.

  23. Example: Factoring • Solve 2 cos x + sec x = 0 • Solution Since neither factor of the equation can equal zero, the equation has no solution.

  24. Solve 2 sin2x + sin x 1 = 0 Set each factor equal to 0. continued Example: Factoring

  25. Example: Factoring continued

  26. Example: Squaring • Solve cos x + 1 = sin x [0, 2] Check the solutions in the original equation. The only solutions are /2 and .

  27. 6.3 Trigonometric Equations II

  28. Example: Using a Half-Angle Identity • a) over the interval [0, 2), and • b) give all solutions • Solution: Write the interval as the inequality

  29. Example: Using a Half-Angle Identity continued • The corresponding interval for x/2 is • Solve • Sine values that corresponds to 1/2 are

  30. Example: Using a Half-Angle Identity continued • b) Sine function with a period of 4, all solutions are given by the expressions where n is any integer.

  31. Example: Double Angle • Solve cos 2x = cos x over the interval [0, 2). • First, change cos 2x to a trigonometric function of x. Use the identity

  32. Example: Double Angle continued • Over the interval

  33. Example: Multiple-Angle Identity • Solve over the interval [0, 360).

  34. Example: Multiple-Angle Identity continued • List all solutions in the interval. • The final two solutions were found by adding 360 to 60 and 120, respectively, giving the solution set

  35. Example: Multiple Angle • Solve tan 3x + sec 3x = 2 over the interval [0, 2). • Tangent and secant are related so use the identity

  36. Example: Multiple Angle continued

  37. Example: Multiple Angle continued • Use a calculator and the fact that cosine is positive in quadrants I and IV, • Since both sides of the equation were squared, each proposed solution must be checked. The solution set is {.2145, 2.3089, 4.4033}.

  38. 6.4 Equations Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

  39. Example: y = 3 cos 2x for x. Solution: We want 2x alone on one side of the equation so we can solve for 2x, and then for x. Solving for x in Terms of y Using Inverse Function

  40. Solving an Equation Involving an Inverse Trigonometric Function Example: Solve 2 arcsin Solution: First solve for arcsin x, and then for x. The solution set is {1}.

  41. Solving an Equation Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions Example: Solve Solution: Let Then sin and for u in quadrant I, the equation becomes

  42. Solving an Equation Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions continued Sketch a triangle and label it using the facts that u is in quadrant I and Since x = cos u, x = and the solution set is { }.

  43. Solving an Inverse Trigonometric Equation Using an Identity Example: Solve Solution: Isolate one inverse function on one side of the equation. (1)

  44. Solving an Inverse Trigonometric Equation Using an Identity continued Let u = arccos x, so 0  u  by definition. (2) Substitute this result into equation (2) to get (3)

  45. Solving an Inverse Trigonometric Equation Using an Identity continued From equation (1) and by the definition of the arcsine function, Since we must have Thus x > 0. From this triangle we find that

  46. Now substituting into equation (3) using The solution set is { }. Solving an Inverse Trigonometric Equation Using an Identity continued

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