A Brief History of Information Privacy

1. A Brief History ofInformation Privacy IC211

2. Colonial America Eavesdropping “listen[ing] under walls or windows, or the eaves of a house, to hearken after discourse, and thereupon to frame slanderous and mischievous tales”

3. Colonial America Governmental searches “They may, unless the general government be restrained by a bill of rights, or some similar restrictions, go into your cellars and rooms, and search, ransack, and measure, everything you eat, drink, and wear. They ought to be restrained within proper bounds.” – Patrick Henry

5. Fourth Amendment “The rights of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.”

6. The Census

7. Mail “The constitutional guaranty of the right of the people to be secure in their papers against unreasonable searches and seizures extends to their papers, thus closed against inspection, wherever they may be.” - Ex parte Jackson (1877)

8. Telegraph

9. Boyd v. United States (1886) “It is not the breaking of doors, and the rummaging of his drawers, that constitutes the essence of the offence; but it is the invasion of his indefeasible right to personal security, personal liberty and private property…. [A]ny forcible and compulsory extortion of a man’s own testimony or of his private papers to be used as evidence to convict him of crime or to forfeit his goods, is within the condemnation of that judgement. In this regard the Fourth and Fifth Amendment run almost into each other.”

10. Warren and Brandeis: “The Right to Privacy” (1890) “Instantaneous photographs and newspaper enterprise have invaded the sacred precincts of private and domestic life; and numerous mechanical devices threaten to make good the prediction that ‘what is whispered in the closet shall be proclaimed from the house-tops.”

11. Warren and Brandeis: “The Right to Privacy” (1890) “The common law secures to each individual the right of determining … to what extent his thoughts, sentiments, and emotions shall be communicated to others, [based on] the more general right of the individual to be left alone.”

12. Warren and Brandeis:“The Right to Privacy” (1890) • Intrusion upon seclusion • Public disclosure of private facts • False light or “publicity” • Appropriation “One who intentionally intrudes, physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his private affairs … is subject to liability … if the intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable person

13. The Telephone “Subtler and more far reaching means of invading privacy have become available to the government. Discovery and invention have made it possible for the government, by means far more effective than stretching upon the rack, to obtain disclosure in court of what is whispered in the closet.” • Justice Brandeis, dissenting Olmstead v. United States (1928)

14. The Computer • Data collected lawfully w/ consent • Data should be relevant and accurate • Purpose stated at time of collection • Data not disclosed w/o permission • Data should be protected • Individuals informed about policies • Individuals can rectify errors or problems • Collecting agency accountable for these