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Digestive Diseases. SALMONELLA. What is Salmonella?. Small gram negative bacillus Salmonella spp. are relatively resistant to bile acids H 2 S produced Acid and gas produced from glucose S. typhi is a non-gas producer and produces minimal H 2 S . Salmonella. Taxonomy:
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Digestive Diseases SALMONELLA
What is Salmonella? • Small gram negative bacillus • Salmonella spp. are relatively resistant to bile acids • H2S produced • Acid and gas produced from glucose • S. typhiis a non-gas producer and produces minimal H2S
Salmonella • Taxonomy: • Family Enterobacteriaceae • Genus of Salmonella contains over 2, 000 sero-species and is one of the most important pathogens in its family • Taxonomically, all strains of salmonella fall within one species – S. enterica
Salmonella • Taxonomy continued: • The genus continues to be recognized by the popular species names • Salmonella enteritidis(enteritis) • Salmonella typhimurium(enteritis) • Salmonella cholerasuis(septicemia) • Salmonella typhi(enteric fever, typhoid fever, asymptomatic carriage) • Salmonella paratyphi(enteric fever, asymptomatic carriage)
Salmonella- Where is it found? • Salmonella can contaminate raw meats, including chicken, eggs, and unpasteurized milk and cheese products • These bacteria are also found in the feces (stool) of infected persons or pets (e.g., reptiles, chicks, dogs, cats).
What is Salmonellosis? • An infection with bacteria called Salmonella • Any of several bacterial infections caused by species of Salmonella, ranging from mild to serious infections • Salmonella germs have been know to cause illness for over 100 years • An estimated 1.2 million cases occur annually in the United States; of these, approximately 42,000 are laboratory-confirmed cases reported to CDC.
How does Salmonella spread? • Salmonella must be swallowed to cause disease • Food borne • Transmitted via improperly prepared, previously contaminated food or water • For example eggs and poultry products (chicken), fruit and vegetables
Spread of Salmonella • After eating, smoking, or touching the mouth if hands are contaminated with the bacteria and not washed well • Infected persons can spread the bacteria if they do not wash their hands well after going to the bathroom and then they handle food that other people eat • After handling infected or seemingly health animals and not washing hands • poultry, pigs, cows, rodents, and pets such as lizards, turtles, chicks, ducklings, dogs, and cats
Symptoms • Diarrhea (non-bloody), stomach cramps, headache, fever, and sometimes vomiting • Occasionally can establish localized infection (e.g., in a joint) or enter the blood.
Risk Groups • Affects all age groups • Groups at greatest risk for severe or complicated disease include infants, the elderly, and persons with compromised immune systems.
Diagnosis • Determining that Salmonella is the cause of the illness depends on laboratory tests that identify Salmonella in the stool of an infected person • Once Salmonella has been identified, further testing can determine its specific type
Treatment • Salmonella infections usually resolve in 5-7 days and often do not require treatment other than oral fluids • Persons with severe diarrhea may require rehydration with intravenous fluids • Antibiotics, such as ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or ciprofloxacin, are not usually necessary unless the infection spreads from the intestines • Some Salmonella bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, largely as a result of the use of antibiotics to promote the growth of food animals.
Prevention • No vaccine available • Cook poultry, ground beef, and eggs thoroughly • Do not eat or drink foods containing raw eggs, or raw (unpasteurized) milk • If you are served undercooked meat, poultry or eggs in a restaurant, don't hesitate to send it back to the kitchen for further cooking
Prevention continued • Wash hands, kitchen work surfaces, and utensils with soap and water immediately after they have been in contact with raw meat or poultry • Be particularly careful with foods prepared for infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised • Wash hands with soap after handling reptiles, birds, or baby chicks, and after contact with pet feces • Don't work with raw poultry or meat, and an infant (e.g., feed, change diaper) at the same time.
