Origins of the Cold War, 1945-1963

1. Origins of the Cold War, 1945-1963 Democracy vs. Communism

2. The division of Germany and Berlin among theAllies was settled during the Yalta Conference. Germany was divided into 4 zones. Great Britain, France, Russia and the U.S. each controlled a zone. Communist governments in Eastern Europe were known as Soviet “satellites”. They revolve around a Soviet sphere, meaning they are subject to a very high level of control from Moscow. In 1948, Israel was created. Palestine was divided into independent Arab and Jewish states with Jerusalem as an international city. The Jews accepted the plan, but the Arabs did not. Six major wars have occurred since. Mao Zedong and the communist victory in the People’s Republic of China, gave the Soviet Union a powerful ally in Asia. Identify the Major Political and Governmental Changes During the Cold War Period

3. The formation of a democratic government in Japan was of strategic importance to the U.S. in the containment of Soviet expansion. The end of WWII brought a division of Korea at the 38thparallel. The Soviets controlled the North, while the U.S. held the South. Once both forces pulled out, tensions mounted. The division of Vietnam was established at the 17th parallel. This separated the Communist North, with the U.S. backed South Identify the Major Political and Governmental Changes during the Cold War Period Cont’d

4. United States Democratic government Individual ownership Freedom of expression Capitalism U.S.S.R Dictatorial government State ownership State censorship Communism Describe the Political and Economic differences between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. during the Cold War

5. Describe the Causes and Effects of the Anticommunist crusade of the Early 1950’s • The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) began investigating potential communists in the U.S. This put the public in an anti-communist hysteria. People became very suspicious of others political ideology. • Blacklists~ a list of persons who are disapproved of and are punished, such as by being refused jobs. • McCarthyism~ a term for the use of unproved accusations against political opponents.

6. The National Security Council argued that the U.S. could not rely on other nations to contain the spread of communism. The purpose of the UnitedNations is to preserve international peace by settling disputes between and among nations. Describe the Purpose and Organization of the United Nations

7. The North Atlantic Treaty Alliance or simply: NATO was established when the U.S. and the other countries in Western Europe thought that the best way to contain the spread ofcommunism was through mutual defense. The agreement stated that “an armed attack against one, shall be considered an attack against all”. The Warsaw Pact was established as a rebuttal to NATO. The Soviet Union created this alliance with the other governments of Eastern Europe. Europe is divided in two! Describe the Purpose of the Military Alliance Formed During the Cold War Period

8. The Marshall Plan was a program sparked by George Marshall that gave economicaid to war torn Europe. This program was vital to the containment of communism in Western Europe. The Truman Doctrine is a policy of containment given by Harry Truman that was a commitment to help nations threatened by Soviet expansion. The Berlin Blockade was the Soviets response to a united West Germany. Avoiding the use of military force, Truman enacted a 10 month airlift of vital supplies to Berlin. The Berlin airlift successfully saved the city from Soviet expansion. Containment~ the U.S. would try to “contain” Soviet expansion through limited military means in strategic hot spots. Describe the Truman Administration’s Responses to Foreign Policy Challenges of the Cold War

9. Identify the Causes and Results of the Korean War • Invasion of South Korea by North Korea~occurred after American troops pulled out of South Korea. N. Korea crossed over the 38th parallel and decided to unify the country by force. • The Chinese supported the North Koreans and their Communistic ideals with troops and military equipment. • The Creation of a demilitarized zone ended the war by selecting a region where military forces could not enter. This is known as the 38th parallel. • A stalemate is a situation where neither side is able to gain enough ground to achieve a decisive victory. The stalemate in Korea lasted almost 2 years, with most of the fighting occurring along the 38th parallel.

10. The Arms Race Both the United States and the Soviet Union built many weapons in an effort to surpass the other’s military strength.

11. The Space Race - Sputnik On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union successfully sent into space the world’s first satellite called Sputnik.

12. The Space Race - Vanguard • In December of 1957, the United States tried to launch its own space satellite, Vanguard. • The rocket rose a few feet off the launching pad – and then exploded. • The foreign press made fun of the launch calling it “Flopnik” and“Stayputnik”.

13. New Foreign Policy • Secretary of State John Foster Dulles became Eisenhower’s most important foreign advisor. • He proposed - • Massive retaliation – an instant nuclear attack if the Soviet Union attacked any nation • Brinkmanship – bringing the Soviets to the brink of war

14. Domino Theory Eisenhower believed that if one nation in Asia fell to Communism, others would also fall. As a result we aided anti-Communist governments.

15. Geneva Summit • A summit is a meeting of heads of government. • Eisenhower, Soviet officials, and Nato leaders met in Geneva, Switzerland to discuss disarmament and German unification. • The conference’s friendly atmosphere renewed hopes for peace.

16. The Cold War Thaws When Soviet dictator Josef Stalin died in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev became the new Russian dictator. Both Eisenhower and Khrushchev were interested in easing Cold War tensions.

17. The U-2 Incident • An American spy plane, U-2, flew over Soviet territory to photograph Soviet nuclear sites and military bases. • The Soviets shot down the plane on May 1, 1960 and captured the pilot, Francis Gary Powers. • As a result, the Cold War began to freeze up again.