Drill

1. Drill • How is specific defense different from non-specific defense? • What cell is needed to activate both defenses? • What cells are produced from the T cell line? What cells are produced from the B cell line? • Which cell type is needed to activate the B cell line?

2. Drill • What is the difference between specific and non-specific response? • Objective(s) • Types of non specific response. • Brain dissection

3. Drill • Explain the difference between a non specific response and a specific response. • State 2 non specific responses. Objective(s) • Types of specific response. • Brain dissection

4. Drill • What is the purpose of antibodies? • How are the constant and variable regions on antibodies different? • Which region from above attaches to the antibodies? Objective(s) Explain the cell mediated response

5. Drill • Name the 2 types of lymphocytes and their location of development. • Where are they stored after their development? Objective(S). Describe how antibodies are produced and time frame of production. List and describe the diseases of the lymphatic system.

6. How is natural immunity different from artificial immunity? • How is active immunity different from passive immunity?

7. Lymphatic System

8. I. Lymphatic Network A. Functions 1. __________________- Transport lost fluid (lymph) back to the circulatory system. 2. __________________ the body against pathogens. 3. ______absorption.

9. B. Lymphatic Capillaries 1. Microscopic ______________ found between cells. (Not found in the brain, spinal cord, bone, epidermis) 2. Similar to ______________ . 3. ______________ Joined endothelial cells C. Lymphatic Vessels 1. ______________ three layers D. Lymph Nodes

10. Review • Name the functions of the lymphatic system. • State why lymphatic vessels are similar to veins.

11. E. Lymphatic Trunks & Collecting Ducts 1. ______________ – merging vessels. 2. ______________ – One duct before returning back to the heart. a. ______________ – left side of the head, neck, thorax, left arm, entire lower body. 1. Empties into ____ subclavin 2. Originates from ______________. b. ______________ Duct – Right side of the head, neck, right arm 1. Empties into _______ subclavin

12. F. Lymph Movement 1. Formation – Interstitial fluid formed by movement of blood plasma out of the capillary bed. a. Increased interstitial fluid, ______________ ______________ forces lymph pores open – fluid flows ______. 2. Movement a. Force of interstitial fluid entering vessel b. Similar to veins: 1. ______________ 2. ______________ Skeletal movement.

13. Review • How is a lymphatic trunk different from a lymphatic duct. • Which ducts drain the right side of the body? • Which ducts drain the left half of the body?

14. II. Lymphatic Organs A. True organs 1. ______________ tissue containing lymphocytes (white blood cells) B. Lymph Node 1. ________ – neck 2. _______ – armpit 3. ________ – groin 4. Deep with in C. Structure 1. ______________ Vessels – Towards. 2. _________- Concave margin 3. ______________ Vessels – Away. 4. ______________ 5. ______________ - Outer 6. ______________ – Inner 7. ______________ -Extensions 8. ______________ – Main structure of lymph nodes, gathering of WBC

15. D. Node Function 1. ______________ E. Spleen 1._________ lymphatic organ 2. _______________– outer, protection 3. _____________– Large number of red blood cells. 4. _______– Large number of white blood cells. F. Thymus 1. _______ active during immune response. 2. _______production 3. Capsule 4. Cortex 5. Medulla G. Tonsils 1. Two _______ – Back of palate 2. Two _______al –Upper throat 3. Two _______ – Base of tongue H. Peyer’s Patches 1. _______ located along the _____________

16. Review • What determines a true lymphatic organ? • What do true lymphatic organs contains? • What is the largest lymphatic organ of the body?

17. III. Defense Mechanisms A. Immune system has ability to _______foreign particles (pathogens &/or toxins). B. ____________________________ (MHC) – markers that can distinguish between self & non self. C. Two types of defense. 1. _______(innate) 2. _______ (adaptive) D. Type of responses 1. _______

18. Review • What are the two types of immune responses? • What determines is you will have a immune response?

19. E. Innate or Non Specific Mechanisms – Defends against all types of pathogens & has the same response. 1. ______________ a. _______ b. _______ membranes 2. ______________– Cellular Eating a. Monocytes b. Neutrophils c. Macrophages d. Natural Killer Cells Punches holes in cells. e. Swelling Basophils Mast cells Eosinophils

20. 3. _______ Mediators a. _______ 1. _______ proteins 2. Helps enhance phagocytes b. ______________ 1. Secreted by _______ cells to stimulate neighboring cells to produce antibodies.

21. 4. Inflammation a. _______ - _______ - chemical attraction of phagocytes -_______ permeability b. _______inflammation c. _________ inflammation

22. Review • How is a non specific response differ from a specific response? • What are the four types of non specific responses?

23. F. Specific Mechanisms – ____________________________ 1. Ability to _______a specific antigen or toxin. a. Antigen recognition b. Proliferation 2. Components of Immunity a. _______ – any substance that causes an immune response. b. ________ (Ab) (gamma globulins or immunoglobulins)– protein molecule that is produced in response to a specific antigen. - ____heavy chains - ____ light chains c. AB + Antigen = Antigen-Ab complex (inactivation)

24. d. Five Classes of Ab 1. ____ – Most common - small 2. ___– protection on body surfaces 3. ____ – First to be produced – large 4. ____ – Antigen-antibody receptors 5. ____ – Allergies (bind to mast cells) e. _______– made for specific antigens f. ________– same between all antibodies

25. Specific Defense

26. e. _______ – come bone marrow 1. _______– develop in bone marrow a. _______ b. _______ – AB 2. _______– develop in thymus a. _______– destroy’s infected cell b. _______– stimulates immune system c. _______– stops the body’s response d. _______– remembers for future infections

27. Review What is a antigen? What is a antibody? How does the body recognize foreign antigens? What is the type of cells involved in specific immunity?

28. 3. _______– T cell response a. _______ invaded & infected cells. b. Macrophage _________ an antigen, phagocytized it, & processed it. c. Process antigen is _________ on macrophage surface & is presented to the T-cells. d. _______the T-cells.

29. Cell Mediated Response

30. Review • What is the first cell involved in the cell mediated response? • What are the four types of cells produced from the cell mediated response?

31. 4. ______________– Ab Response a. Macrophage identified an antigen, phagotized it, & processed it. b. Process antigen is placed on macrophage surface & is presented to the B-cells. c. Activates the ___-cells with the help of _______. d. Grows & multiple into _______cells (immunization) & _______ (Ab). e. AB production takes ____ days, peaks in 3 weeks. f. AB binds to antigen surface forming the antigen-Ab complex (inactivated). g. Labeled for destruction for natural killer cells.

32. Humoral Response

33. Review • 1. What is the first cell type involved in the humoral response? • 2. Which cell from the T-line is needed to aid the humoral response to activate? • 3. What are two cell types produced in the humoral response? Which one produces antibodies?

34. Effect of Antibodies

35. Antibody Production

36. Specific response review

37. Review • What is the basic shape of the anitbody? • How do antibodies inactivate foreign antigens? • How long does it take to develop antibodies? • Why do you never come down with the symptoms from your second exposure on?

38. G. Allergic Response – _____________________. 1. _______Ab is released into blood in response to the allergen. 2. Comes into contact with the _______ (concentrated in skin & mucus layer). 3.Mast cell stores ______________. 4. ______________ + ______________= release of histamine (causes inflammation. Ex. Hives & asthma ____________________________ 5. ________________hypersensitivities – hay fever, asthma 6. ________________hypersensitivities – poison ivy, soaps, cosmetics

39. H. Acquired Immunity 1. Persons ability to mount a defense. 2. Two Types 1. ______________ acquired a. ________ – develop after exposure. ex- chicken pox, flu, measles. b. ________ – passed from 1 person to another. ex- Polio, rubella – mother to baby by placenta or breast milk. 2. ______________ Acquired - Vaccine Killed or weaken virus that causes an immune response ________ the symptoms. a. ________ – Lifelong ex. polio, measles b. ________ – Short term ex- rabies, hepatitis, tetanus, snake venoms.

40. Immunity

41. Review • Are allergies an innate or humoral immune response? Why? • What is released when allergies occur? • How can allergies be dealt with? • How is naturally & artificially acquired immunity different? • How is active immunity different from passive immunity?

42. IV. Homeostasis 1. Recycling valuable fluids. 2. Defense against diseases.

44. V. Immunodefiency 1. ________ are reduced which reduces the body’s ability to defend itself. a. Attacked by pathogens. b. Low level production. Ex 1. ________– Severe Combined Immundeficiency a. Born ________ the ability to produce active B & T cells. b. Treatment – bone marrow ________. 2. ________ a. Caused by ________ virus b. ________ the ________ T cells – body never knows it is getting invaded by other pathogens. c. ID in US – 1981 3. ________ – Cancer a. large multinucleated cell in affected lymphoid tissue b. 15-38 & over 50 yrs old.