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Table of Contents. What Is an Animal? Animal Symmetry Sponges and Cnidarians Worms. - What Is an Animal?. Structure of Animals. The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, organs, and systems. - What Is an Animal?.
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Table of Contents • What Is an Animal? • Animal Symmetry • Sponges and Cnidarians • Worms
- What Is an Animal? Structure of Animals • The cells of most animals are organized into higher levels of structure, including tissues, • organs, and systems.
- What Is an Animal? Classification of Animals • This branching tree shows how the major animal groupsare related.
- What Is an Animal? Asking Questions • Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions. Question Answer What is a cell? A cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. The cells of animals are organized into tissues, organs, and systems. What is the structure of animals? Animals must obtain food and oxygen, keep a stable environment within their bodies, reproduce, and move about to meet their needs. What are the functions of animals? Animals are classified according to how they are related to other organisms. How are animals classified?
- What Is an Animal? Links on the Animal Kingdom • Click the SciLinks button for links on the animal kingdom.
- Animal Symmetry Comparing and Contrasting • As you read, compare and contrast the characteristics of animals with bilateral symmetry and radial symmetry in a Venn diagram like the one below. Write the similarities in the space where the circles overlap and the differences on the left and right sides. Radial Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry One line of symmetry, halves that are mirror images, front end with sense organs, quick movement Many lines of symmetry, no distinct front end, live in water, move slowly Balanced arrangement of parts, perform all the basic life functions
- Animal Symmetry Links on Animal Symmetry • Click the SciLinks button for links on animal symmetry.
- Sponges and Cnidarians Sponges • Structures surrounding the central cavity of a sponge are adapted for different functions.
- Sponges and Cnidarians Sponges • The sexual reproduction of sponges involves a larval stage that moves. Adult sponges stay in one place.
To calculate the rate of water flow in a sponge, divide the volume of water that the sponge filters by the time it takes the water to pass through the sponge. Flow rate = Volume of water/Time For example, a marble-sized sponge filters 15.6 liters of water in a day. How many liters does it filter per hour? Practice Problem In four days, a sponge filters 1,200 L. What is its rate of water flow per day? 300 L/day - Sponges and Cnidarians Calculating a Rate
- Sponges and Cnidarians Cnidarians • Cnidarians have two basic body plans, the vase-shaped polyp and the bowl-shaped medusa.
- Sponges and Cnidarians Cnidarians • Cnidarians use stinging cells to capture food and defend themselves.
- Sponges and Cnidarians Cnidarians • The life cycle of a moon jelly has both a polyp and a medusa stage.
- Sponges and Cnidarians Comparing and Contrasting • As you read, compare and contrast sponges and cnidarians by completing a table like the one below. Sponges Cnidarians Feature Polyp or medusa, central body cavity, tentacles Body structure Hollow body with pores Cell type that traps food Collar cells Stinging cells Method(s) of reproduction Sexual and asexual Sexual and asexual
- Worms Characteristics of Worms • Biologists classify worms into three major phyla—flatworms, roundworms, and segmented worms.
- Worms Life Cycle of a Dog Tapeworm • This flatworm is a parasite that lives in more that one host during its life cycle.
- Worms Roundworm Numbers • Biologists counted all the roundworms living in a plot of soil. Then they calculated the percentage that lives in different depths of soil.
In the first centimeter Reading Graphs: Where in the soil was the largest percentage of roundworms found? - Worms Roundworm Numbers
About 87% Calculating: What is the total percentage of roundworms found in the first 3-cm depth of soil? - Worms Roundworm Numbers
The deeper the soil, the fewer the worms Drawing Conclusions: What is the relationship between the depth of soil and the abundance of roundworms in the soil? - Worms Roundworm Numbers
- Worms Segmented Worms • Earthworms and other segmented worms have bodies made up of many linked sections called segments.
- Worms Using Prior Knowledge • Before you read, write what you know about worms in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, write what you learn. What You Know Worms are long and skinny. Worms live in the ground and digest soil. Worms are slimy and wriggly. What You Learned Worms have bilateral symmetry. Some worms are flat. Some worms live in water. Some worms are parasites. Worms have a nervous system.
- Worms More on Worms • Click the PHSchool.com button for an activity about worms.
Graphic Organizer Sponge releases sperm. Sperm enter another sponge and fertilize egg cell. Larva settles on a surface and develops into adult sponge. The Life of a Sponge Water currents carry away larva. Larva develops.
