Do Now:

1. Do Now: In your notebooks answer the following question: *What geographic features led people to settle in your area?

2. Chapter 5 Section 1 The Rise of Rome

3. The land and peoples of Italy • Italy is a peninsula extending about 750 miles from north to south. • The Apennine mountain range forms a ridge from north to south, dividing west for east. • Rome’s location about 18 miles inland on the Tiber River was especially favorable. • The river gave Rome a route to the sea, but Rome was far enough inland to be safe from pirates. • After the Romans had established their empire around Mediterranean, governing it was easier because of Italy’s location.

5. Indo-European peoples moved into Italy from about 1500 BC to 1000 BC. • The Latins, who lived in the region of Latium. • Spoke Latin, an Indo-European language. • Herders and farmers who lived in settlements on the tops of Rome’s hills. • The Greeks came to Italy in large numbers during the age of Greek colonization. • Much influence on the people of Rome. • Cultivated olives and grapes, passed on their alphabet, and gave the Romans artistic and cultural models through their sculpture, architecture and literature. • The Etruscans, most influenced the early development of Rome. • came to control Rome and most of Latium after 650 BC. • Found Rome a village and turned it into a city.

6. The Roman Republic • In 509 BC, the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and established a republic. • Republic – the leader is NOT a monarch and some citizens have the right to vote.

7. War and Conquest • At the beginning of the republic, Rome was surrounded by enemies. • In 338 BC, Rome crushed the Latin states. • During the next 50 years, the Romans waged a fierce struggle against people from the central Apennines. • Brought the Romans into direct contact with the Greek communities of Southern Italy. • By 264 BC the Romans had overcome the Greeks and completed their conquest of southern Italy. • To rule Italy, the Romans devised the Roman Confederation. • Allowed some people – especially Latins –to have full Roman citizenship

8. Successful Strategies • Romans believed that their early ancestors were successful because of their sense of duty, courage, and discipline. • Romans were good diplomats. • Shrewd in extending Roman citizenship and allowing states to run their own internal affairs. • Extended military matters. • Brilliant Strategists. • Practical – The Romans did not try to build an ideal government but instead created political institutions in response to problems, as the problems arose.

9. Roman Political Structure • Early Rome was divided into two Groups • Patricians – wealthy landowners (ruling class) • Plebeians – less wealthy landowners, farmers, artisans, and merchants. (larger group) • Men in both orders were citizens who paid taxes, owed military service, and could vote. • Only Patricians, however could be elected to office

10. The chief executive officers of the Roman Republic were the consuls and praetors. • Consuls - a chief executive officer of the Roman Republic; two were elected each year, one to run the government and one to lead the army into battle. • Praetors - an official of the Roman Republic in charge of enforcing civil law – laws that applied to Roman citizens. • As Roman territory expanded, another praetor was added to judge cases involving noncitizens. • The Roman Senate – a select group of about 300 patricians, who served for life. • At first the Senates only role was to advise government officials, but by the 3rd Century BC it had the force of law. • Several Assemblies in addition to the Senate • Centuriate Assembly – elected chief officials such as consuls and praetors, and passed laws. • Council of Plebs - came into being as a result of the struggle between the two Roman social orders.

11. The Struggle of Orders • Children of patricians and plebeians were forbidden to marry each other. • Plebeians believed that they deserved both political and social equality with the patricians. • Ultimately, the struggle led to success for the plebeians. • Council of Plebs – new officials, known as tribunes of the plebs, had power to protect the plebeians. • By the 4th century were permitted to marry patricians and to become consuls. • By 287 BC the council of the plebs received the right to pass laws for all Romans. • A few wealthy patrician and plebeian families formed a new senatorial ruling class

12. Roman Law • One of Rome’s chief gifts to the Mediterranean world of its day and to later generations was its system of law. • Rome’s first code of laws was the Twelve Tables. • This code was a product of a simple farming society and proved inadequate for later Roman needs. • From the Twelve Tables, the Romans developed a more sophisticated system of civil law. • The Law of Nations, which the Romans identified with natural law, or universal law based on reason. • This enabled them to establish standards of justice that applied to all people.

13. Roman Expansion • The Phoenicians founded Carthage around 800 BC on the coast of North Africa. • By the end of the 3rd century BC, Carthage had an enormous trading empire in the western Mediterranean. • With colonies from Spain to Sicily, Carthage was the largest and richest state in the area.

14. The First Punic War • Rome’s first war with Carthage began in 264BC. • The presence of Carthaginians in Sicily made the Romans fearful. • The Romans sent an army to Sicily and the Carthaginians responded

15. The First Punic War • The Romans – a land power – realized that they could not win the war without a navy and built a large fleet. • After a long struggle, a Roman fleet defeated the Carthaginian navy, and the war came to an end. • Roman gained control over many sea trade routes. In 241 BC, Carthage gave up all rights to Sicily and paid a fine to the Romans and Sicily became the first Roman province. • Carthage vowed revenge. • Added new lands in Spain to make up for the loss of Sicily. • Hannibal – Carthaginian general, struck back beginning the Second Punic War

17. The Second Punic Wars • Hannibal decided to wage war to Rome. • In 216 BC the Romans made a mistake hitting Hannibal head on. • At Cannae, the Romans lost an army of almost 40,000 men. • Romans refused to surrender and raised another army. • As the Romans recovered, they began to reconquer some of the Italian cities that thad been taken by Hannibal. • By 206 BC, they had pushed the Carthaginian out of Spain

18. The Second Punic Wars • Rome invaded Carthage rather than fight Hannibal in Italy, forcing the Carthaginians to recall Hannibal from Italy. • At the Battle of Zama in 202 BC. the Romans led by Scipio Africanus, crushed Hannibal’s forces, and the war was over. • Spain became a Roman province and Rome became the dominate power in the western Mediterranean.

19. The Punic Wars •Part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EbBHk_zLTmY •Part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qjALuW8KE9w •Part 3: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViOZVomNKno •Part 4: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZLe1qR1I-c4

20. More Conquest • 50 years later, the Romans fought their third and final battle with Carthage, the Third Punic War. • In 146 BC Carthage was destroyed. • For 10 days Roman soldiers burned and demolished the city. • Carthage inhabitants were sold into slavery. • The territory of Carthage became a Roman province called Africa.

21. Reading Check √ What role did geography play in Rome’s Prosperity and defensibility? How were plebeians and patricians different in early Rome? Describe the significance of the Twelve Tables and the Law of Nations? What is the historical and cultural significance of the Roman destruction of Carthage? List in order the major events of the Punic Wars. What were the reasons for the conflicts between the patricians and the plebeians, and what were the outcomes?

22. Reading Check √ What role did geography play in Rome’s Prosperity and defensibility? It made Rome and center for trade in the Mediterranean and in Italy. The river provided a route to the sea and the hills made Rome easily defensible. How were plebeians and patricians different in early Rome? Patricians: wealthy landowners, controlled the government offices and privileges Plebeians: majority; could not marry patricians nor hold office. Describe the significance of the Twelve Tables and the Law of Nations? Provided a unive3rsal standards of justice.

23. Reading Check √ What is the historical and cultural significance of the Roman destruction of Carthage? The inhabitants were sold into slavery. There is nothing left of the city for archaeologists to study. It removed Carthage as a threat to Rome and made Rome ruler of the Mediterranean Sea. List in order the major events of the Punic Wars. Romans send army to Sicily; Carthaginians send army to Sicily; Romans defeat Carthaginians’ Hannibal heads to Rome with his army; Romans lose at Cannae; Romans invade Carthage; Roman crush Hannibal's forces, Romans destroy Carthage in 146 BC. What were the reasons for the conflicts between the patricians and the plebeians, and what were the outcomes? Reasons: Plebeians and patricians could not marry; they had to fight in the army and watnedequality with patricians. Outcomes: Council of Plebs created; plebeians and patricians allowed to intermarry.