INDUSTRIAL SAFETY & HEALTH

INDUSTRIAL SAFETY & HEALTH Presented by : MR. AMIR B. MOHAMED CIAST, SHAH ALAM SELANGOR

Kemalangan Industri

KEMALANGAN JALANRAYA MELIBATKAN KERETA DAN LORI KREN

Kemalangan Di Pejabat

ACCIDENT RESULTS HIGHER COST & LOWER PROFIT MONEY SPENT FOR ACCIDENT IS NOT LIKE MONEY SPENT FOR MATERIAL OR WAGES. THERE IS NO RETURN ON MONEY SPENT FOR ACCIDENT.

ACCIDENTS-THE CONSEQUENCES IMMEDIATE DEATH INJURY PAIN DISEASE DAMAGE LOSS FEAR SHORT TERM MEDICAL TREATMENT REPAIRS REPLACEMENTS LOST PRODUCTION INCREASED COSTS DISCIPLINE LOW MORALE LONG TERM SUFFERING DISABILITY LOST INCOME INSURANCE COMPENSATION MISTRUST MISSED TARGETS PROFITABILITY

COST OF ACCIDENTS VICTIM AND DEPENDENTS Suffering Effect on sport & hobbies Lost of earning Continuing disability Extra expenses Effect on family

COST OF ACCIDENTS SUPERVISOR Worry Loss prestige Recrimination Report, extra work, training new staff

COST OF ACCIDENTS SECTION OR DEPARTMENT Capacity to produce Morale

COST OF ACCIDENTS FIRM OR ORGANISATION Loss of earning Loss in paying in legal action Compensation Penalty Damage to the equipment and materials Extra insurance premium Lost of client

COST OF ACCIDENTS NATION Loss of income in a form of income tax Loss of morale

ACCIDENT COSTS ICEBERG • Medical (covering injury, ill health) • Compensation INSURED COSTS (1) • Building damage • Tool, equipment, material, product damage • Production delays and interruptions • Legal expenses • Expenditure on emergency first aid supplies • Interim equipment rentals • Investigation time/clearing site • Wages paid for time lost • Costs hiring and/or training replacements • Overtime working • Extra supervisor time • Loss of expertise/experience • Decreased output of injured worker upon return • Loss of business and goodwill THE HIDDEN UNINSURED COSTS (8 – 36 as much as insured costs)

THE BIRD THEORY (USA-1969) THE HEINRICH THEORY (USA-1931) SERIOUS / FATAL 1 SERIOUS / FATAL 1 THE TYE/PEARSON THEORY (UK-1974/75) MINOR INJURIES 10 MINOR INJURIES 29 PROPERTY DAMAGE 30 NON-INJURY 300 SERIOUS / FATAL 1 NON-INJURY 600 MINOR INJURIES (1 TO 3 DAYS MC) 3 FIRST-AID INJURIES 50 PROPERTY DAMAGE 80 NON-INJURY / DAMAGE 400 ACCIDENT RATIO STUDIES

ACCIDENT AN UNPLANNED EVENT WHICH RESULTS IN UNACCEPTABLE CONSEQUENCES AN UNDESIREABLE EVENT WHICH INTERRUPTS NORMAL ACTIVITY

ACCIDENT “An unexpected, unplanned event in sequence of events, that occurs through a combination of causes. It results in injury or disease to an individual, damage to property or equipment, a near-miss, a loss or any combination of these effects”.

Workers, unions and employees don’t always agree on why accident happen. Workers may say that the workplace is : HAZARDOUS * UNSAFE * DANGEROUS * BADLY ORGANISED THE WORKPLACE IS TO BLAME. WHY DO ACCIDENTS HAPPEN ?

THE WORKER IS TO BLAME. WHY DO ACCIDENTS HAPPEN ? Employers sometimes say that the worker is : CARELESS * RECKLESS * SILLY * ACCIDENT PRONE * STUBBORN * INCONSIDERATE * IGNORANT

HAS BLAMING EACH OTHER SOLVED THE PROBLEM ? NO, AS CAN BE SEEN FROM THE ACCIDENT FIGURES. WHY DO ACCIDENTS HAPPEN ? Some accidents may be due to human errors. But the work environment must recognise that the workers are human and sometimes make mistakes – this must be acknowledged during workplace design. Employers can improve the workplace so that stress, fatigue and poor working conditions do not cause mistakes.

DIRECTLY INVOLVED INDIRECTLY INVOLVED • Fault with the original design of a piece of equipment. • Inappropriate purchasing decisions. • Behavior of fellow individuals in the workplace. • Fatigue • Stress • Taking shorts cut • Lack of experience • Lack of training • Lack of concentration • Not wearing appropriate PPE • Using incorrect tool • Not following work practices CAUSE OF ACCIDENT THE HUMAN FACTOR

CAUSE OF ACCIDENT UNSAFE ACTS OF PERSON • Operating without clearance/failure to secure or warn. • Operating or working at unsafe speed. • Making safety devices inoperative. • Using unsafe equipment or equipment unsafely. • Unsafe loading, placing, mixing, combining, etc. • Taking unsafe position of posture. • Working on moving of dangerous equipment. • Distracting, teasing, abusing, startling, etc. • Failure to use safe attire or personal protective devices.

CAUSE OF ACCIDENT UNSAFE PHYSICAL CONDITIONS • Inadequately guarded, guards of improper height, strength, mesh, etc. • Unguarded absence of required guards. • Defective, rough, sharp, slippery, decayed, cracked, etc. • Unsafely designed machines, tools, etc. • Unsafely arranged, poor housekeeping, congestion, blocked exits, etc. • Inadequately lighted, sources of glare, etc. • Inadequately ventilated impure air sources, etc. • Unsafely clothed, no goggles, gloves, masks, wearing high heels, etc. • Unsafe processes, mechanical, chemical, electrical, nuclear, etc.

CAUSE OF ACCIDENT

ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES HEINRICH (1930’s) Emphasis for prevention on unsafe acts/condition. Approach can lead to blaming the worker when management system is at faults (prone worker approach). FIVE FACTORS/STAGES IN THE SEQUENCE OF EVENTS; 1. ANCESTRY / SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT. 2. FAULT OF A PERSON 3. UNSAFE ACTS / CONDITION 4. ACCIDENT 5. INJURY

ACCIDENT CAUSATION THEORIES MULTIPLE CAUSATION THEORY More that one cause to any accident. The multicauses is equivalent to the third stage in the Heinrich theory. Heinrich made reference to “Underlying causes”. What were these cause. Using 5W, 1H.

THE ACCIDENT HIERARCHY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ROOT CAUSE WORK ACTIVITIES OPERATING RULES VIOLATIONS MISTAKES DIRECT CAUSE ACCIDENTS

MANAGEMENT Through Supervision Controls MAN FAILURE Knowledge, Attitude, Fitness, Ability Which Causes or Permits UNSAFE ACTS OF PERSONS 88% UNSAFE MECHANICAL OR PHYSICAL CONDITIONS 10% INEXPLICABLE 2% Which Cause ACCIDENTS 2% are unpreventable 50% are practically preventable 98% are of a preventable type THE ACCIDENT STUDIES

SAFETY AWARENESS

SAFETY Safety is absence of danger. Safety is an attitude, a frame of mind. It is the awareness of one’s environment and actions, all day, everyday. To do this does not require genius, a PhD, or even a title or rank. Safety is knowing what is going on; knowing what can injure anyone or anything; knowing how to prevent that injury and then acting to prevent it. All it requires is intelligence and a reasonable amount of native ability to see, to hear, to smell and to think.

WHAT IS SAFETY AWARENESS? • Safety Awareness means ; • being able to recognise unsafe practices and conditions. It requires following safety procedures. • getting to know all you can about the conditions that promote safety, including emergency response procedures. • signifies you to willingness to take time to prevent accident. • having the right attitude about safety, both your own and your coworker’s safety. • can help prevent injury, illness and accidental damage to company property. • being on the lookout for unsafe practices and conditions in your work area.

WHAT IS SAFETY AWARENESS? Safety Awareness is all about understanding the need to prevent avoidable accidents and there are three compelling reasons why every organisation and every individual MUST accept accident prevention as vital element of all activity in the workplace.

Humanitarian An accident can lead to a change of lifestyle that can be for an individual and often for a whole family.

Economic Organisation face loss absenteeism, higher accident compensation premium Hidden cost of accidents stopped production, spoilage of material, damage to plant and equipment, replacement of staff, training & re-training, re-tooling, re-designing

Social Security payments to people injured in accidents, but not adequately covered by other insurance. • Aid to dependent families where income falls below a minimum level. • Payments to legal personnel relating to court proceedings. • Preparation and issuance of laws standards and regulations and their administration. Legal

SAFETY TIPS EMPLOYER Set OSH policy and committee. Allocate budget for OSH programmed and activities. Fulfill the need of OSH Legislation. Ensure all employees understand the related OSH programmed and activities. Training for OSH commitment. Yield – analyses the achievement for improvement. S A F E T Y

SAFETY TIPS EMPLOYEE Search all hazards at workplace. Assess the potential risk. Find the control measures. Exercise and make it habit. Take part on OSH programmed and activities. Yell for commitment. S A F E T Y

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INDUSTRIAL SAFETY & HEALTH