Introducing Communication Theory Analysis and Application Second Edition

1. Slide 2-1 Introducing Communication TheoryAnalysis and ApplicationSecond Edition Richard West University of Southern Maine Lynn H. Turner Marquette University Special Consultant: Justin Erick LaBerge University of Kansas

2. Chapter Summary Slide 2 Slide 2-2 Framing Our Past and Present CHAPTER 2 • A Brief History • Contexts of Communication

3. What’s in a Name? Associations and Tensions Slide 2-3 A Brief History • Present-day communication courses were taught in departments of English in the early 1900’s • In 1913 a group of public speaking teachers voted to create the National Association of Academic Teachers of Public Speaking (NAATPS)

4. What’s in a Name? Associations and Tensions Slide 2-4 A Brief History • In 1945 NAATPS changed its name to the Speech Association of America (SAA) • In 1970 the SAA changed its name to the Speech Communication Association (SCA) • In 1997 the SCA changed its name to the National Communication Association (NCA), the name that is still in use today.

5. What’s in a Name? Associations and Tensions Slide 2-5 A Brief History • The NCA is not the only communication organization • The International Communication Association (ICA) and World Communication Association (WCA) hold yearly conferences. • The Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) and Broadcast Education Association (BEA) focus on mass communication scholarship. • Each region of the country has a regional association

6. Establishing Communication Theory: The Founders Slide 2-6 A Brief History • Harold Lasswell argued that propaganda is a daily occurrence in modem society. Because propaganda is inescapable, democracies must learn how to handle its effects. • Paul Lazarsfeld was instrumental in studying voting and the effects that media have on voters' preferences and behavior.

7. Establishing Communication Theory: The Founders Slide 2-7 A Brief History • Kurt Lewin examined the function of small groups and argued that a small group's lifespace or a group member's psychological environment influences the behavior of the group. • Carl Hovland examined attitude change and investigated the extent to which long- and short-term recall influence an individual's attitudes and beliefs.

8. Establishing Communication Theory: The Founders Slide 2-8 A Brief History • Wilbur Schramm, was director of Stanford's Institute for Communication Research • Was instrumental in establishing a communication program and in graduating doctoral students • He is also credited with bringing research funds to the study of communication

9. Where Are We Now? Slide 2-9 A Brief History • National Communication Association (NCA) reports that there are over 118,000 undergraduate communication majors and roughly 16,000 graduate students. • Approximately 50,000 students a year receive a degree in communication. • Approximately 250 doctoral students receive degrees in communication yearly.

10. Contexts are the environments in which communication takes place. Slide 2-10 Contexts of Communication • Contexts provide the backdrop against which researchers and theorists can analyze phenomena. • Our discussion focuses on situational contexts. • There are seven contexts of communication

11. The Seven Contexts Slide 2-11 Contexts of Communication • Intrapersonal-Communication with one’s self • Interpersonal-Face to face communication • Small Group-Communication with a group of people • Organizational-Communication within and among large and extended environments

12. The Seven Contexts Slide 2-12 Contexts of Communication • Public/Rhetorical-Communication to a large group or listeners (audience) • Mass-Communication to a very large audience through mediated forms • Intercultural-Communication between and among members of different cultural backgrounds

13. Slide 13 Slide 2-13 Contexts of Communication Figure 2.1: Contexts of Communication Continued on next slide…

14. Slide 14 Slide 2-14 Contexts of Communication Figure 2.1: Contexts of Communication (continued from previous slide)

15. Intrapersonal Communication Slide 2-15 Contexts of Communication • More repetitive than other communication. • Includes times when you imagine, perceive, daydream and solve problems in your head. • Includes attributions you may make about another person’s character. • Allows communicators to make attributions about themselves. • May help bolster self-esteem.

16. Interpersonal Communication Slide 2-16 Contexts of Communication • Perhaps the most expansive of all the contexts. • Investigates how relationships begin, the maintenance of relationships and the dissolution of relationships. • Great area for research because relationships are so complex and diverse. • There are many sub-contexts within IPC, e.g. family, friendships, marital, workplace etc.

17. Small Group Communication Slide 2-17 Contexts of Communication • Focuses on task groups as opposed to friendship and family groups. • There is disagreement among researchers about what number constitutes a small group. • The number is not as important as the implications of that number. • People are often influenced by the presence of others. • Networking and role behavior are important parts of small group behavior.

18. Organizational Communication Slide 2-18 Contexts of Communication • This form of communication is extremely diverse. • Generally distinguished by presence of clearly defined hierarchy. • Hawthorne experiments of the 1920’s and 1930’s are the foundation for much of contemporary organizational research. • Organizational research has investigated a number of issues including the Challenger disaster, ethics, rumors, grapevines, ethnic and racial culture etc.

19. Public Communication Slide 2-19 Contexts of Communication • Not a new context, speech presentations have existed since the beginning of time. • Speakers usually have three primary goals in mind: to inform, to entertain, or to persuade. • Effective public speakers owe a great deal to the early rhetorical principals of Aristotle • Research has shifted from textual analysis to analysis of themes and issues such as AIDS and politics. • Communication Apprehension (CA) has received a great deal of attention from researchers.

20. Mass Communication Slide 2-20 Contexts of Communication • Mass media include newspapers, videos, computers, radio, television etc. • New Media (e.g. “information superhighway”) plays a dynamic new role in the discussion and research of the mass communication context. • Mass communication allows both senders and receivers to exercise control. • Is often more restrained and constricted than other contexts.

21. Intercultural Communication Slide 2-21 Contexts of Communication • We can experience intercultural communication on just about any level e.g. within one state, one community, or one block. • Co-cultures are groups within a larger (national) culture that through shared unique traits create opportunities of their own. Formerly referred to as sub-cultures. • It is a relatively young contexts, tracing its roots to the 1950’s.