The Most Significant Greek Rulers

1. The Most Significant Greek Rulers

2. 1st Governor of GreeceHe was born in Corfu on 10th February 1776 and was the sixth child of Antonios and DiamantinaKapodistria. He came from an aristocratic family, registered in the Libro d’ oro of Corfu, thus having the right to bear the title of Count. His father, Antonios was a lawyer on the island and actively involved in politics. During 1795-1797 he studied Medicine in the University of Pantowa. He returned to Corfu and practiced the medical profession without asking for money in return. His first involvement in politics was in 1797, when the first greek state , the Eptanesian state. was founded, three and a half centuries after the Fall of Konstantinople from the Turks. His political action started in 1803. He became part of the Russian diplomats’ service. It was there that he took up important roles. On 14th April 1827, the National Assembly in Trizina, selected him as the first governor of Greece. Because of his political status arguments arose with the local officials which led to his assassination on 9th October 1831 in Nafplio by the brother and son of PetrobeisMavromihalis, as an act of retaliation for the imprisonment of the latter. IOANNIS KAPODISTRIAS

3. The state of kapodistrias Ruler during1828-1830 HIS WORK CHURCHA priority of Kapodistrias was the reinforcement of the Spiritual and Social acts of the Church. His dream was to found a Higher Academy of Religion. But due to the lack of economic resources he remained confined in the establishment of the Church School in Poros. SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION:He founded a Resolution Body named Panellinio, which was made up by 27 people and which was divided into three departments: the department of economic, internal and military matters. The members of Panellinio were the Higher Officers: - The Ministry Board (dealt with external affairs, commerce and maritime matters. The Governor was the Chairman of the Board.) - The Wartime Board (dealt with warfare, the land and the sea army. The Governor was the Chairman of the Board.) - And the Church Committee, which updated the Governor on church matters.) Stamp of Kapodistrias-depicts goddess Athena

4. •The first Greek Police Force was established. • He established passports for anyone coming into Greece. • He tried to fight theft. • He eliminated the piracy in the Aegean Sea. Thus, he made Greece distinct in European maritime. •He reorganized the armed forces.HEALTH :Having studied Medicine, Kapodistrias organized the Health sectorand created the first modern quarantine, thus successfully facing plague by taking emergent and effective measures. He founded the first maritime hospital in Poros and the first refuge shelter in Nafplio to accommodate the refugees. IoannisKapodistrias tried to inform Greeks and to transplant them his medical knowledge about the dangers and the effective treatment of serious contagious diseases. He described the vaccination method and improved pharmaceutics. PUBLIC ORDER

5. ARMY:He reorganized armed forces. He arranged a voting for the regulations ofmilitary enrolling. He founded the first School of Army, named Evelpidon in Nafplio on 1st July 1828.ECONOMY: • He founded the National Mint and established the phoenix as national money.• He founded the «National Bank» • He organized public services.• He enforced and collected tax money without mediators so as to avoid tax evasion and citizen suppression. •He utilized national resources and foundations.• He established monthly payment for military officers and amended the Public supply system and equipping of ships.phoenixAGRICULTURE• He founded the Agriculture school in Tirintha. • He relieved farmers from taxes. • He ordered the cultivation of National land. • He imported new farming species, like the potato. • He evolved agriculture and reinforced farmers.

6. INDUSTRY:For the development of industry, special weight was given to the mineral resources of the country. JUSTICE: •6 types of courts were founded. • The position of District Attorneys was established as well as the ones of the secretaries in courts. • Debt holders were facilitated into paying their old debts. • Loan sharks were reduced. • He established the right of alimony to women with a child out of marriage. • He gave free food, clothes and health rights to prisoners. MARITIME •Money was given for the repairing of ships or the purchase of new ones. •Special measures were taken for the ports of Spetses and Hydra by not paying taxes in their ports.

7. EDUCATION •He built new schools and introduced the Inter-ecucational method •He founded the orphanage in Egina. • He founded an Original School for the education of teachers. • He founded a Central School for the education of young people wanting to follow Academic Education. • He founded the Agricultural School, the Central School of Warfare in Nafplioand the Commerce School in Ermoupoli.•He founded secondary schools, which he named “Standard” while at the same time he maintained the Greek schools.. As the Governor of Greece προhe promoted important reforms for the improvement of the public engine and for the establishment of law frames, which were necessary for the establishment of order. Today, many streets and squares carry his name.The airport in Corfu is named “IoannisKapodistrias” whereas the national university of Athens was renamed into “National Kapodistriakon University of Athens”.Moreover, Kapodistrias is depicted in the 20 cents coin as well as on the banknote of 500 drachmas (1983 - 2001).Kapodistria Plan is named the the reform programme in the local administration. 500 dracmes 20 centscoin

8. CHARILAOS TRIKOUPISDiplomat, politician and Prime Minister.  BIOGRAPHY He was born in Nafplioand came from the family of Trikoupis. He was the son of SpyridonTrikoupis, politician, historian and also Prime Ministerof Greece, and of EkateriniMavrokordatou. After graduating Junior High School in Athens, he studied law in the University of Athens and completed his studies in Paris. From 1853 to 1864 Trikoupis served in the Diplomats Body.Initially in the Embassy in London. In 1863 he was head of the greek delegation, where the pact for the adjustment of the Ionian Islands to Greece was negotiated and signed on 16th March 1864. His diplomatic career continued for 8 years (1856-1864).  Trikoupis reigned in the political scene of Greece for 19 years, he governed the country for 10 years from the 20 of the period between 1875 and 1894. He died at the age of 64 in Cannes and was buried in Athens.

9. POLITICAL CAREERHe was elected a Parliament member of Mesologi in 1865.In 1866 he took up the post of Minister of Foreign Affairsof the government then but during the following months he resigned due to discord of views.For four years he was actively involved in politics(1868-1872) independently of the existing parties. In 1872 he founded the “Fifth Party” where the most liberal and progressive personalities of that era were gathered.In1874, he wrote on the newspaper “Keri" (Times) a sarcastic article for the political system of his time. After his first article he published a second one, in which he established “proven trust” as the doctrine of the Parliament, which was later established as the “principle of proven trust”. From 1875 to 1894 he became Prime Minister seven times in total. In the elections of 1895he failed to be voted as a Parliament member and was self-exiled in Cannes, France.In1896, little before his death, he was nominated without his will as a candidate in the complementary elections in the District of Valtos and was over- voted .

10. ΔΗΜΟΣΙΑ ΔΙΟΙΚΗΣΗ •The so-called “gardener’s-theory” was in practice by then, according to which every King or President could appoint as a Prime Minister whoever he thought could receive a vote of trust: “he can even appoint his gardener as a prime minister". According to Trikoupis’ “Principle of proven trust”the President of the Hellenic Republicis obliged to appoint the leader of the political party that has the majority of the seats of government as a Prime Minister. If no party has the majority then the President gives the leader of the party with the relative majoritythe order to explore the possibility of a government formation that has the trust of the Parliament. If the first one fails the order is consecutively given to the leaders of the remaining parties. PUBLIC ORDER-EDUCATION- AGRICULTURE-FOREIGN AFFAIRS He enforced the Royal Maritime, by buying the warships Hydra, Spetses and Psara, for which he had to take another loan. He decreased the military service to one year from three. With the government that he constituted in March 1882 he re-organized the police, the agricultural police and the military school “Evelpidon”. He constituted laws for the qualifications, permanency and promotion of public workers.. He paid attention to the development of education. In1867as a minister of foreign affairs he sign a pact of defensive co-operation with ruler Michael of Serbia. In March 1880 he abolished a tax in cereal products and replaced him with another one in favour of farmers. • (1886-1890) he reduced the Parliament members from 240 to 150 (the lowest limit that the Constitution allowed)

11. He decided the drainage of lake Kopaida.He decided the creation of a railroad system. In 1882 there were only 9 kilometers of railwaythat connected Athens and Piraeus, in 1893 only 914 km were functionaland another 490 were under construction. For the funding of those projects he took 2 big loans and taxed tobacco and wine.The opening of the Korinthos canalwas a success because of Trikoupis, who inaugurated it in1893. He taxed construction.Characteristic of his progressiveness is his risky vision for the gapping of Rio-Antirriowhich took shape in2004, a century laterwith the construction of the Bridge Rio-Antirrio. It was named after him on 25th May2007. The opening of Korinthos Canal. The bridge of Rio-Antirrio Railroad system

12. CharilaosTrikoupis craved for modernization, which was not easy due to the problematic greek economy and to the conservative spirit of the era. Nevertheless his action in Greece is considered defining for the transition of the country in the 20th century. Streets and Squares in various greek cities have been named after him.

13. ELEFTHERIOS VENIZELOSBIOGRAPHYHe was born on Crete on 23rd August 1864 and was the fifth child of Kiriakos Venizelos, a merchant, and StilianiPloumidaki. He grew up in Chania but passed part of his childhoodin Kithira and Ermoupoli. His finished his basic studies and his father sent him to Athens for studies. In 1881 he registered in the Law School of Athens. He graduated in 1887. He opened a lawyer’s office and became distinct in his job. In 1889 he decided to be nominated as a representative of the Kidonia district in the elections for the Cretan Parliament. He was elected with the Liberal Party. Because of the difficult political situation in Cretewith the rebellion of some parts of it, Venizelos escaped to Athens in the beginning of October 1889. After being given amnesty, he returned to Crete where he got married (1890). For a long period he stayed out of politics . As a politician he played an important role in the Cretan matter as well as in the rest political matters of Greece from 1910 to his death. He was a Prime Minister of the Cretan Stateand seven times Prime Minister of Greece. In January1935 he became Prime Minister for the last time and in March of the same yearafter the attempt of seizure of power he fled to Paris, where he died on 18th March 1936.

14. POLITICAL CAREER During the Cretan State(1898-1912) he contributed to the formation of the Cretan Constitution, he disputed with ArmostisGeorgios for his liberal views, re resorted to armed rebellion in Therisos(1905) and achieved the replacement of Armostis. He was a Minister of Justice, of Foreign Affairs and the Prime Minister of the Cretan State.In 1910 his political role in Crete ended, when he became a Prime minister in Greece and put together the “Party of Liberals”.He was active in the political and economic evolution of Greece and in the victorious results of the Balkan (1912-1913). During World War I he disputed with royalty which cost National Division (1915-1917). He imposed his politics for fighting side to side with the Alliesbelieving that it was the time for the “Big Idea to be fulfilled" (ie. Greece would maintain the profits from the Balkan Wars and extend its borders). Greece was rewarded for its contribution by the grant of the Commission of Smyrna(1919). In the critical elections of November 1920 Venizelos was defeated, withdrew from politics, and returned during the Asia Minor destruction in 1922. With two radical initiatives (1923) the mandatory exchange of Greeks with Turkishand the Treaty of Lozanni, which defined the borders between Greece and Turkey he changed the orientation of Greek politics and set the foundations of peaceful development. The last four years of his career(1928-1932) was a period of stability and creativity. His success was the Greek-Turkish Amity Agreement (1930). The end of his career was marked by his attempted assassination (June 1933)and the failed movement of March 1935. "fulfillment of the Great Idea" ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗ ΣΤΑΔΙΟΔΡΟΜΙΑ

15. TheGovernmentsofVenizelosbroughtpioneerchangesandsolidified a seriesofpublicrightsinvariousareassuchasemployment, socialpolitics, health, welfare, educationandagriculture. WorkPolicies Generally: UnionismwasligislativelyregulatedinGreece. Reimbursementforworkaccidentswasestablished. Theworkinghoursofretailshopswasregulated. Sundaywasestablishedas a holiday. The 8-hour workwasintroducedinmanyindustries. TheMinistryofAgricultureandIndustrywascreated, whichtogetherwiththeHighestBoardofLaboursetthebasisforstateinterventionineconomymatters. ChambersofCommerceandAgriculturalAssociationswerecreated. AlsoLabourInspectionwasestablishedandlegalpunishmentswereputintoactionfortheprotectionoflabourrights. MixedLabourUnionsofemployersandemployeeswerebannedandCollectiveLabourAgreementswereestablished. Theconditionsofchildlabourbecamestricterandthelegislationincorporatedthedenouncementoflabouragreement. WiththedevelopmentofLabourAssociations, a specialdepartmentintheMinistryofnationalEconomywasestablishedsimultaneously. Thepensionandmutualaidfundswerereinforcedbythestatesoastodevelopandmultiply.

16. HygieneSchoolofAthens InnovationsinPublicHealth EstablishmentofMinistryforHealthcarethatlaterbecametheMinistryofHealth.Theconditionsofmedicalpractice (1912) andnursingprofession (1914) wereset.ThevotingoftheLaw "AbouttheCareofPublicHealth" madethestateresponsiblefortheHealthofGreekcitizens.DuringthatperiodGreeceexperienced a greatpercentageofmortalityduetovariousdiseases. Venizelossawtothatmatterandin 1928 begantheradicalre-organizationofhealthcareservices.HeaddressedtheUnions' Society, thedepartmentofGlobalHealthand, thus, a commiteeofforeignevaluatorsvisitedourcountryandgaveitsreporttotheGreekstateinthebeginningof 1929.AccordingtotheCommitee'ssuggestionsthefollowingwerefounded: •SelfcontainedMinistryofHygiene •HygieneCentreinAthens•HygieneCentersinthesuburbs • HygieneSchoolofAthens.During 1928-1932 initiativesweretakenfortheimprovementofchildren'shealthandspecialcarewasgiventothepupils' population. In 1929 theprofessionof "SchoolDoctor" and "SchoolNurse" wereintroduced. A MinistryofSocialWelfarewasfounded, whichwasindependentoftheMinistryofHealthsothatmeticulousprovidencefottheCitizen'sHealthandespeciallyoftheeconomicallyweakestwouldbeascertained. Finally, VenizelostriedtocreateSocialInsurancebutthere wasn'tenoughtimetobeimplemented SOCIAL POLITICS ThegovernmentsofVenizelosduring 1910-1920 bannedallthestandinglawsofthatperiodfordirecttaxesandintroduceddaringtaxreformsinfavourofLaymanClasses. Mostimportantwasthevotingof 1917 aboutwartaxesonwinnings.

17. EDUCATIONAL POLITICS AGRICULTURAL POLITICS TheAgriculturalPoliticsofEleftheriosVenizelos 1910-1920. Redistributionofestates. Mostacresoffertilelandbelongedtorichlandownerswhichmeantthatthelandwasinthehandofthefewwhereasmostofthefarmerswereserfs. Thus, withthearticle 7 oftheConstitutionheestablishedtherightofthemandatoryaffiliationoftheestatesbythestateanditsconcessiontofarmerssothatsmallpropertieswouldbecreated. Morover, during 1910-1932 hefoundedtheMinistryofAgriculture , organisedagriculturechambers, theAgriculturalbankandestablishedagriculturaltraininginallranksandservices. • Constructionof 3200 schoolsalloverGreece. • Lowervocationalschools, industrial, commercialandhousekeepingschoolswerefounded. • HighSchoolsbecamesix-gradejuniorhighschoolsandappliedschoolsstartedfunctioning. ExperimentalSchoolsinUniversitieswerefoundedwherestudentsofschoolsforprofessorswereinternsindidactics. • FreePublicPrimaryEducationwasestablished.

18. Politician, genius, realistandvisionist, flexiblanddaring, hepossessedanimpressiveglowing. ThenameofEleftheriosVenizeloshasbeengivemtomanystreetsandsquaresinalmostallgreekcities. TheSubwayofAthensbaresitsname (EleftheriosVenizelos- Tavros). thenewairportofAthenswasnamedInternationalAirtportofAthens "EleftheriosVenizelos" inhishonour. House- Museumof E. Venizelos (Chalepa-Chania) 50 centscoin AirportofAthensEleftheriosVenizelos AthensSubway PortAnekLines

19. MavrokordatosAlexandrosBornon 3 February 1791 in a suburbofKonstantinople. HewasthesonofNikolaosMavrokordatos, officeholder,andSmaragdaKaratza. Fromhisveryfirstyearshewastaughtby a tutorandlearnedtospeakfluentlytheturkishandfrenchlanguageearly. During 1807-1811 hewas a studentintheGreatSchoolofTheNation. In 1812 hisuncleIoannisKaratzasbecametherulerofVlahiaandmadehimhissecretary. Butsoon, Mavrokordatosbecomesdistinguishedandispromotedto a MinisterofforeignAffairs. On 29th SeptemberMavrokordatosfearingforhislife, departsBoukourest. HisfirststopwasGeneva, Switzerland, wheretheystayedforsixmonths. There, Mavrokordatostooklessonsonfortification, whichhethenimplementedinMesologi. Then, hewenttoPiza, Italy. There, thefamous "CircleofPiza" wascreatedwhichplayedanimportantroleintheoutcomeoftherevolutionin 1821. In 1819 Mavrokordatosbecame a memberoftheSecretSocietyofFriendswhilestudyingMedicineatthelocaluniversity. Heclimbedtohigherpositionsalmostimmediatelyafterbeing a candidateforthepositionsofPresidentoftheFirstNationalAssembly, oftheExecutiveBodyandthenoftheParliamentarian. AftertherevolutionhewasactivelyinvolvedinthepoliticallifeofGreece, being a PrimeMinister 4 times. HeretiredtoAegina, wherehediedin 1865, blindandpoor.

20. Therevolutionof 1821HewastheonlyPrimeMinisterthatwaspersonallyinvolvedinthreewaroperations. 1st: TheBattleofPeta Aftertheoutbreakoftherevolutionin 1821, MavrokordatossailedtoMarsaille, tookGreeksthatlivedinEuropeandgreekaffiliatesanddepartedtoPatra, believingthatithadbeenfreedbythen. InduetimehefoundoutitwasstillenslavedsohesettledinMesologi. HemetwithDimitriosIpsilantisinAugust 1821, hebecamehisplaceholderandcalledthe " AssemblyofWestOverlandGreece" (4-9 November, Mesologi) ofwhichhebecamethePresident. later, intheNationalAssmblyofEpidavroshewasvotedtheChairmanoftheExecutiveBodyandlateroftheParliamentarian. Mavrokordatostriedtoreinforcehispositionbyorganizing a crusadeinEpirus, butitresultedinthedefeatofthebattleofPeta.

21. 2nd: ThefisrtsiegeofMesologi HecompensatedthedefeatofPetawithhispersonalsuccessonChristmasEve 1822 whenherepelledtheTurkishMilitary, withthehelpofthePeloponesians , duringthefirstsiegeofMesologi. 3rd. TheFallofSfaktiria Mavrokordatoswenttonavarino (April 1825), sentbyKoyntouriotis, inordertocoordinateandsavethefortsandSfaktiria. Despitehiseffortsonlybut a fewweresaved. Mavrokordatosbarelyescapeddeath.

22. Hewas a PrimeMinisterofGreece aftertheestablishmentoftheGreekNation inthefollowingeras: 12 October - 31 May 1833: AfterthefalloftheGovernmentofSpyridonTrikoupis, heformedthethirdgovernmentafterthearrivalofOthon.10 February-10 August 1841 : Thefirstgovernmentwith a greekPrimeMinisterafterOthon'sadulthood.30 March- 6 August 1844: TheformationofgovernmentwasintheplaceofthetemporaryGovernmentofKonstantinosKanariswhichhadlostthesupportoftheNationalAssembly. ThatgovernmentwasadministrativeandaimedatnewelectiobasedonthenewConstitutionof 1844 andthelawaboutelectionsof 18th March 1844.16 May 1854- 22 September 1855: HegotintopoweraftertheceaseoftheAntoniosKriezisGovernmentbyOthon, becauseofthecompellingofGreecetoneutralityduringthewaroftheOtomanEmpireandRussia.

23. Thesectorinwhichalmostallwritersrecognizehisvaluablecontributionisdiplomacy. Today, manystreetshavebeennamedafterhim.

24. KOUMOUNDOUROSALEXANDROS10 timesPrimeMinisterofGreecein 7,5 years.HewasborninouternMani. As a childhewasalmostcapturedbytheTurk-EgyptiansofIbrahim. HegraduatedfromtheschoolofNafplioandstudiedlawinthenewuniversityofAthens. hepracticeslawfor a whileinKalamata. In 1841 hefoughtintherebelliousCreteandwhenhecamebacktoAthenshebecamethesecretaryoftheodorosGrivas. Duringthegoverningof I. Kolettis (1847) hebecame a generalattorneyforthreeyears, whenheresignedtogetintopolitics. In 1850 hewaselectedmemberoftheParliamentforthefirsttimeforMessinia. Sincethenhewasre-electedas a memberwith a small 14-month recess (1868-1869). In 1864 therewasanattemptedmurderagainsthiminStadiouStreetattheentranceoftheAssembly. NextyearheestablishedtheKoumoundourianpartyandbecamePrimeMinisterthesameyear. From 1865 tohisdeathhebecamePrimeMinister 10 times. HedeceasedinAthensattheageof 68.

25. 22 March 1865- 11 October 18656 November- 13 November 186518 December 1866-20 December 18673 December 1870-28 October 187115 October 1875-26 November 18761 December 1876-26 February 187722 March 1865-26 May 187711 January 1878-21 October 1878 HE WAS A PRIME MINISTER OF GREECE AFTER THE FORMATION OF THE GREEK NATION IN THE FOLLOWING PERIODS

26. Foreignpolitics • In 1866 theCretanissuewasdebated, whichhemanagedtoovercomesuccessfullysincehedidn'tsuccumbtothedemandsoftheGreatForceswhowantedGreecetobedraggedinto a warwithTurkey. Hebelievedthatwarpoliticswouldn'tbenefitGreecesinceitwasn'tprepared. • Asfarastheforeignpoliticswasconcerned, thepeacefulafiliationofThessalyandSouthEpiruswasconsidered a successofhisgoverning. HIS WORK

27. InternalAffairsIntheinnerofthecountry, hetookcarefortheresolutionofvariousproblems, likethereglulationoftaxingandthenarrowingdownoftheft.Thelawfor "Ministers' responsibility" wasalsoimportant, accordingtowhichtheassociatesaccusedofforgeryandofimpersonationofauthoritiesweresentto a specialcourt.2.650.000 acresoflandwereredistributedandamnestywasgivento 100 thievesinordertofight.As a ministerandPrimeMinisterhemanagedtoensurethegreekinterests, duetohisbeingdirect, self-controlledandexceptionallydaring. Fromthebeginningofhispoliticalactionhewasdistinguishedforhisrhetoricalskillsandhismediocrity. Hispoliticalspeeches, especiallyoneconomyandstateadministration, establishedhiscorrespondingrumour.

28. Placesinhismemory ThenameofthesquarewasgiveninhonourofAlexandrosKoumoundouros, primeministerinthe mid-19th century. HishousewasinPiraeusStreet. TheofficialnameofthesquareisElftheriassquarebutitisneverused. KoumoundourouLake ItsmodernnameisinhonourofprimeministerAlexandrosKoumoundouros. Duringhisgoverning, inthe mid 1860s, roadworksandworksoffillingbetweentheSkaramagacoastandthelakeweredone. NexttotheKoumoundouroulaketherewas a secondonewhichwasdrainedduring 1950s. KoumoundourouIsle SituatedbetweentheportsMikrolimanoandZea (exname: Pasalimani), just 30 metresoppositetheKoumoundouroutower.

29. Wehavetopointoutthatthechoiceofthemostpopularpoliticalleaderswasdonebasedontheteachingmaterialinhistorythatwehavebeentoughtsofar.Thestudentsofthe 5th andthe 6thgradeofthe 1st Three-GradedPrimarySchoolofMiliesTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTIONRESOURCESWEBSITESel.wikipedia.org/wiki www.kapodistrias.info/‎ www.venizelos-foundation.gr/‎argolikivivliothiki