Varieties of Control Theories and APA Referencing

1. 118 week 9 Varieties of Control Theories… and a last minute lecture on APA referencing

2. APA Referencing… • 1. Beccarius • 2. Becarria • 3. Beccaris • 4. Beccardia • 5. Beccaria • 6. Beccatia • 7. Beccarria

3. APA Referencing… • 1. Cullin and Agnew • 2. Agnews and Cullen • 3. Agnew and Cullen • 4. Cullen and Agnew • 5. Collins and Agnew • 6. Gullen and Agnews • 7. Agnow and Collin

4. Reference list • Beccaria, C. (2006). ‘Of Crimes and Punishments’. In Cullen, F. and Agnew, R. (Eds.). Criminological Theory: Past to Present, Essential Readings, (3rd Edn), New York: Roxbury Press, pp 438 – 562.

5. APA Referencing… • Do NOT quote lecture notes • Find the information in a book/article • Do NOT quote an original source unless you’ve read it yourself • Do quote EVERY time you are using information that you didn’t make up • Do follow APA style referencing conventions…

6. APA Referencing… www.apastyle.org

7. APA Referencing… This is how you cite information that “comes verbatim from another source” (Cullen & Agnew, 2003, p. 41). This is how you cite information that you paraphrase and put into your own words (Cullen & Agnew, 2003).

8. APA Referencing This is how you cite information that came from a secondary source, when you did not read the original (Beccaria in Cullen & Agnew, 2003). This is how you cite their work “if you use their specific words” (Beccaria in Cullen & Agnew, 2003, p. 56).

9. APA Referencing… • Cullen and Agnew (2003) argue that it is acceptable to start a sentence with the authors’ names, but the date must be included. • However, other theorists have proposed that “if you use specific words” (Beccaria in Cullen & Agnew, 2003; 78) you must include the citation in the middle of the sentence.

10. APA Referencing… • If a source has three or more authors you must use all their names the first time you cite them (Knight, Prentky & Burton, 1998). • Knight et al. (1998) explain that this is the appropriate way to cite them later. • This is the appropriate thing to do at the end of the sentence (Knight et al., 1998).

11. And finally… …a little PR goes a long way PROOFREAD PRIOR to PRESSING PRINT

12. Introduction • Early Control Theories: • Reckless • Toby • Modern Control Theories: • Hirschi • Gottfredson and Hirschi • Hagan

13. Introduction • Why don’t people commit crime? • Anyone can be a criminal • Some people are more controlled than others • Delinquency is a failure of control

14. Early Control Theories • Containment Theory (Reckless) • Two motivations • Pushes (predispositions) to crime • Pulls (incentives) to crime • Two containments • Inner (self control, conscience) • Outer (family, friends) • Stakes in Conformity (Toby) • The more you have, the more you have to lose

15. Hirschi – Self Control Theory • People must be constrained to conform • Direct control • Actual restrictions and punishments • Indirect control • Affectional identification with parents • Internal control • Conscience or guilt

16. Hirschi – Self Control Theory • 4 Social Bonds • Attachment • Commitment • Involvement • Belief

17. Hirschi – Self Control Theory • Theory testing • Empirical support? • Hirschi made it cool – watershed moment for empirical criminology • Critique… • Serious delinquency? • Peer group effect? • Uniformity of measures

18. Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime • Hirschi changed his mind… • Merged classical choice theories with self control and borrowed the idea of social bonds within the family • Redirected attention to parents

19. Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime • Crime: • ‘acts of force or fraud in the pursuit of self interest’ • Nature of crime • Analogous behaviors • Crime occurs in the presence of opportunity and a lack of self control

20. Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime • Self Control • differential tendency to avoid crime, no matter what situation you’re in • Nature of individuals with low self control • Opportunity • Explains more variation in crime than self control only • Opportunities vary – if absent, a lack of self control alone will not result in crime

21. Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime • Specialisation and Versatility • ‘commit a wide variety of criminal acts with no strong inclination to pursue a specific criminal act or a pattern of criminal acts to the exclusion of others’ • Reactive labels (not predictive) • Correlates of crime • Stability Postulate • Versatility Postulate • Age-Crime Curve (age crime relationship)

22. Gottfredson and Hirschi – A General Theory of Crime • Causes of low self control? • Monitoring • Recognizing • Correcting • Strengths • Critique…

23. Hagan – Power Control Theory • Men are more criminal than women Why?

24. Hagan – Power Control Theory • Patriarchal Family • Husband works outside the home • Husband has more power than wife • Gender inequality comes from economic inequality • Sons are taught to be independent • Daughters are raised in ‘cult of domesticity’

25. Hagan – Power Control Theory • Egalitarian Family • Husband and wife have more similar employment • Sons and daughters both prepared for the workforce • Sons and daughters both encouraged to play sports, be assertive, explore new horizons

26. Hagan – Power Control Theory • What family should breed more crime? • Empirical support? • Critique…