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Chapter 6

Chapter 6. 6.3 Organic Molecules. Bio-Chemistry (AKA Organic Chemistry). Inorganic Compounds : from minerals or non-living source. Organic Compounds : contain Carbon & come from a living thing. Carbon can combine with other elements to form millions of compounds.

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Chapter 6

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  1. Chapter 6 6.3 Organic Molecules

  2. Bio-Chemistry (AKA Organic Chemistry) • Inorganic Compounds: from minerals or non-living source. • Organic Compounds: contain Carbon & come from a living thing. • Carbon can combine with other elements to form millions of compounds. • Simplest Organic Compound is CH4 (Methane)

  3. Bio-Chemistry (AKA Organic Chemistry) VOCABULARY ALERT! • Polymer: long chains of carbon molecules or groups of monomers. • Monomer: the building block of a polymer. • Example: • A bead necklace = Polymer • Individual Bead = Monomer

  4. Organic Molecules • There are 4 ORGANIC MOLECULES that are essential for all life • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  5. Carbohydrates • CARBOHYDRATES are sugars! • They are composed of the atoms: • Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), and Hydrogen (H) • CARB + O + HYDRATE • Elements: • C, H, O • Ratio of H:O is 2:1 • Function: Energy and storage molecules; can provide us with quick energy

  6. Carbohydrates • Polymers made of sugarswhich scientists call saccharides • Monosaccharide (definition)-1 sugar molecule • Polysaccharide (definition)- polymer of sugar molecules

  7. Monomer = Monosaccharides • The building blocks of carbohydrates are MONOSACCHARIDES • Monosaccharide: simplest sugar • Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose • All monosaccharides = (C6H12O6)

  8. Fructose Glucose

  9. Disaccharides • Two monosaccharides combine to form DISACCHARIDES • Glucose + Fructose = SUCROSE (table sugar) • Glucose + Galactose= LACTOSE (milk sugar) • All disaccharides = (C12H22O11)

  10. Lactose Milk

  11. Polymer = Polysaccharides • Many monosaccharides combine to form POLYSACCHARIDES (polymer) • Polysaccharide: repeating monosaccharides • Starch – made by plants to store energy • Potatoes, corn, crackers • Glycogen – made by mammals used to store energy • Cellulose – made by plants used for structure and form (plant cell walls) • Corn kernels, celery, lettuce • Chitin – structural molecule (fungus cell wall & insect exoskeletons)

  12. Glycogen Molecule w/ glycogenin protein center

  13. Photosynthesis

  14. Lipids • LIPIDS are fats, oils, and waxes! • Elements: • C, H, O • Ratio of H:O is more than 2:1 • Building Blocks (monomers): Fatty Acids • Polymers of lipids are called triglycerides

  15. Lipids Oils are liquid at room temperature Fats are solid at room temperature

  16. Lipids • Lipid Functions: • Long-term energy storage and insulation • Major component of the plasma membrane • Phospholipid bilayer • Examples: Beef Fat (C15H112O6), Oils, Wax, Steroids

  17. Lipids • Lipids are INSOLUBLE in water • Don’t mix (dissolve) in water

  18. Lipids • 2 Types of Fats: • Saturated Fats: BAD (dairy, meat, lard, butter) • Unsaturated Fats: GOOD (nuts, avocadoes, oils)

  19. Proteins • Elements: C, H, O, N, S • Building Blocks (monomer): Amino Acids • Proteins are polymers of amino acids • Amino acids are bonded together with peptide bonds • Function: • Structural Molecules • Functional Molecules

  20. Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids (monomers) Polypeptide

  21. Foods with a lot of protein – meat, eggs, nuts, cheese

  22. What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Enzymes are proteins that make sure that chemical reactions in your body take place up to a million times faster than they would without enzymes.

  23. What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Antibodies are proteins that help your immune system to fight disease.

  24. What can proteins do? What can't they do! • When you get a boo boo, the bleeding stops because of blood clots, thanks to the proteins fibrinogen and thrombin.

  25. What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Transport! • Form tunnels (pores) in cell membranes that will let only specific molecules (or ions) through.  • Hemoglobin, a protein in your blood, carries oxygen from your lungs to your cellsand takes CO2 away from cells.

  26. What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Strength and support! • Collagen and keratin are strong and tough and make up your skin, hair, and fingernails.

  27. What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Motion! The proteins myosin and actin make up much of your muscle tissue. They work together so your muscles can move you around.

  28. What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Insulin– signals cells to take in sugar from the blood

  29. What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Proteins give tissue and organs structure and carry out cell metabolism • metabolism  chemical reactions in living organisms

  30. Enzymes • ENZYMES are a type of protein that make chemical reactions go fasterand take less (or lowering) amount of energy to start (activation energy) • Enzymes can either break molecules apart or join molecules together • Break food down • Assemble chains of DNA

  31. Enzymes • The molecule that an enzyme interacts with is called a SUBSTRATE • Enzyme-substrate reaction • Enzymes are very SPECIFIC in how they work • Each enzyme interacts with ONE specific substrate • Like a lock and key or a puzzle piece • Enzymes are conserved (not used up) in the reaction • They can be reused continuously • Enzyme – doesn’t change • Substrate – is changed by the enzyme

  32. Enzymes • Many enzymes work best at a certain temperature or a specific pH • If enzymes are heated too much they will denature (fall apart) and stop working altogether

  33. Enzymes Acting On Carbohydrates enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s) amylase starch (+H2O) ------ > maltose maltase maltose (+H2O) ------ >glucose + glucose sucrase sucrose (+H2O) ------ >glucose + fructose lactase lactose (+H2O) ------ >glucose + glactose

  34. Enzymes Acting on Proteins enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s) pepsinase proteins (+H2O) ------ > polypeptides renninase Liquid milk proteins (+H2O) ------ > coagulated mild solids

  35. Enzymes Acting on Lipids enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s) lipase Fats/oils(+H2O) ------ >fatty acids +glycerol

  36. Nucleic Acids • Elements: C, H, O, N, P • Building Blocks:Nucleotides • Nucleic Acids are the polymers of nucleotides • Found in the nucleus of the cell • Function: • Controls cell activity • Makes proteins • Store genetic information in the form of a code

  37. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

  38. Nucleic Acids • NUCLEIC ACIDS are the molecules that make DNA and RNA! • Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES (monomer) • Nucleotide Structure: • Simple Sugar • Phosphate Group • Nitrogen Base (A, C, T, G, U) • Elements: CHONP atoms all present

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