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Chapter 6. 6.3 Organic Molecules. Bio-Chemistry (AKA Organic Chemistry). Inorganic Compounds : from minerals or non-living source. Organic Compounds : contain Carbon & come from a living thing. Carbon can combine with other elements to form millions of compounds.
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Chapter 6 6.3 Organic Molecules
Bio-Chemistry (AKA Organic Chemistry) • Inorganic Compounds: from minerals or non-living source. • Organic Compounds: contain Carbon & come from a living thing. • Carbon can combine with other elements to form millions of compounds. • Simplest Organic Compound is CH4 (Methane)
Bio-Chemistry (AKA Organic Chemistry) VOCABULARY ALERT! • Polymer: long chains of carbon molecules or groups of monomers. • Monomer: the building block of a polymer. • Example: • A bead necklace = Polymer • Individual Bead = Monomer
Organic Molecules • There are 4 ORGANIC MOLECULES that are essential for all life • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates • CARBOHYDRATES are sugars! • They are composed of the atoms: • Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), and Hydrogen (H) • CARB + O + HYDRATE • Elements: • C, H, O • Ratio of H:O is 2:1 • Function: Energy and storage molecules; can provide us with quick energy
Carbohydrates • Polymers made of sugarswhich scientists call saccharides • Monosaccharide (definition)-1 sugar molecule • Polysaccharide (definition)- polymer of sugar molecules
Monomer = Monosaccharides • The building blocks of carbohydrates are MONOSACCHARIDES • Monosaccharide: simplest sugar • Glucose, Fructose, Galactose, Ribose • All monosaccharides = (C6H12O6)
Fructose Glucose
Disaccharides • Two monosaccharides combine to form DISACCHARIDES • Glucose + Fructose = SUCROSE (table sugar) • Glucose + Galactose= LACTOSE (milk sugar) • All disaccharides = (C12H22O11)
Lactose Milk
Polymer = Polysaccharides • Many monosaccharides combine to form POLYSACCHARIDES (polymer) • Polysaccharide: repeating monosaccharides • Starch – made by plants to store energy • Potatoes, corn, crackers • Glycogen – made by mammals used to store energy • Cellulose – made by plants used for structure and form (plant cell walls) • Corn kernels, celery, lettuce • Chitin – structural molecule (fungus cell wall & insect exoskeletons)
Glycogen Molecule w/ glycogenin protein center
Lipids • LIPIDS are fats, oils, and waxes! • Elements: • C, H, O • Ratio of H:O is more than 2:1 • Building Blocks (monomers): Fatty Acids • Polymers of lipids are called triglycerides
Lipids Oils are liquid at room temperature Fats are solid at room temperature
Lipids • Lipid Functions: • Long-term energy storage and insulation • Major component of the plasma membrane • Phospholipid bilayer • Examples: Beef Fat (C15H112O6), Oils, Wax, Steroids
Lipids • Lipids are INSOLUBLE in water • Don’t mix (dissolve) in water
Lipids • 2 Types of Fats: • Saturated Fats: BAD (dairy, meat, lard, butter) • Unsaturated Fats: GOOD (nuts, avocadoes, oils)
Proteins • Elements: C, H, O, N, S • Building Blocks (monomer): Amino Acids • Proteins are polymers of amino acids • Amino acids are bonded together with peptide bonds • Function: • Structural Molecules • Functional Molecules
Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids (monomers) Polypeptide
Foods with a lot of protein – meat, eggs, nuts, cheese
What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Enzymes are proteins that make sure that chemical reactions in your body take place up to a million times faster than they would without enzymes.
What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Antibodies are proteins that help your immune system to fight disease.
What can proteins do? What can't they do! • When you get a boo boo, the bleeding stops because of blood clots, thanks to the proteins fibrinogen and thrombin.
What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Transport! • Form tunnels (pores) in cell membranes that will let only specific molecules (or ions) through. • Hemoglobin, a protein in your blood, carries oxygen from your lungs to your cellsand takes CO2 away from cells.
What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Strength and support! • Collagen and keratin are strong and tough and make up your skin, hair, and fingernails.
What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Motion! The proteins myosin and actin make up much of your muscle tissue. They work together so your muscles can move you around.
What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Insulin– signals cells to take in sugar from the blood
What can proteins do? What can't they do! • Proteins give tissue and organs structure and carry out cell metabolism • metabolism chemical reactions in living organisms
Enzymes • ENZYMES are a type of protein that make chemical reactions go fasterand take less (or lowering) amount of energy to start (activation energy) • Enzymes can either break molecules apart or join molecules together • Break food down • Assemble chains of DNA
Enzymes • The molecule that an enzyme interacts with is called a SUBSTRATE • Enzyme-substrate reaction • Enzymes are very SPECIFIC in how they work • Each enzyme interacts with ONE specific substrate • Like a lock and key or a puzzle piece • Enzymes are conserved (not used up) in the reaction • They can be reused continuously • Enzyme – doesn’t change • Substrate – is changed by the enzyme
Enzymes • Many enzymes work best at a certain temperature or a specific pH • If enzymes are heated too much they will denature (fall apart) and stop working altogether
Enzymes Acting On Carbohydrates enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s) amylase starch (+H2O) ------ > maltose maltase maltose (+H2O) ------ >glucose + glucose sucrase sucrose (+H2O) ------ >glucose + fructose lactase lactose (+H2O) ------ >glucose + glactose
Enzymes Acting on Proteins enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s) pepsinase proteins (+H2O) ------ > polypeptides renninase Liquid milk proteins (+H2O) ------ > coagulated mild solids
Enzymes Acting on Lipids enzymeSubstrate(s) ------ > Product(s) lipase Fats/oils(+H2O) ------ >fatty acids +glycerol
Nucleic Acids • Elements: C, H, O, N, P • Building Blocks:Nucleotides • Nucleic Acids are the polymers of nucleotides • Found in the nucleus of the cell • Function: • Controls cell activity • Makes proteins • Store genetic information in the form of a code
Nucleic Acids • NUCLEIC ACIDS are the molecules that make DNA and RNA! • Nucleic acids are made of NUCLEOTIDES (monomer) • Nucleotide Structure: • Simple Sugar • Phosphate Group • Nitrogen Base (A, C, T, G, U) • Elements: CHONP atoms all present