Assignment #1 Answer the 12 questions posted on our webpage. Due next week in lab. Worth (12 points)

1. Assignment #1 Answer the 12 questions posted on our webpage. Due next week in lab. Worth (12 points)

2. Minerals

3. Earth’s Materials -Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

4. Three States of Matter Gas Liquid Solid

5. Three States of Matter Solid–substancethat keeps its shape Liquid – a substance that flows freely but is not a gas Gas - a substance that flows freely and will distribute itself evenly in a container

6. Three States of Water

7. Two states exist at once Triple Point- all three states exist at once

8. Latent heat - amount of heat released or adsorbed during a change in state.

9. Latent heat redistributes solar energy from near the Equator towards the poles.

10. Protons in nucleus P e P e Review of the Atom Orbiting electrons N Neutron in nucleus Helium 3 (3He)

11. Review of the Atom Atomic Number - # of protons Atomic Weight = # of protons + Neutrons

12. Isotopes - elements with different numbers of neutrons in the nucleus. Helium 4 (4He) Helium 3 (3He) P P e e N P P N N e e

13. Ions - atoms with excess positive or negative charge (gain or loss of electrons from the outermost shell). Cations (positive charge, lose electrons) e + e P P Hydrogen atom Hydrogen ion ( H+) Electron + Anions (negative charge, gain electrons)

14. Compounds - combination of atoms of one or more elements in a specific ratio. • Examples: N2 - nitrogen gas • H2O - water • CaCO3 – calcite (a mineral) Ions dissolved in water will combine to form compounds

15. Sodium Solid Chlorine Gas Sodium Chloride

16. Sodium Chloride Hydration Of Ions

18. Types of Bonds • Ionic - transfer of electrons between cations and anions. Moderate strength, Moderate hardness

19. Types of Bonds • Covalent - electrons are shared between atoms Strong bond/ Hard mineral

20. Types of Bonds • Metallic - electrons are shared but move about freely between ions good conductors of electricity (copper, gold)

21. Types of Bonds • Van der Waals - weak attraction Graphite

22. Bond Strength and Mineral Hardness **The stronger the bond, the harder the mineral 1. Covalent bond – strongest bond, hardest minerals 2. Ionic bond– intermediate strength, moderately hard minerals 3. Van der Waals bond– weakest bond, softest minerals

23. Most Common Elements Oxygen Silicon Aluminum Iron Calcium Magnesium Sodium Potassium Percentage by Weight

24. Crystal Growth

25. Five Requirements to be a mineral Naturally formed Solid Formed by inorganic processes Specific chemical composition Characteristic crystal structure

26. Properties of Minerals Crystal form Habit and Cleavage Hardness Luster, Color, Streak Density

27. Crystal form Quartz

28. Isometric (cubic) Tetragonal Hexagonal Monoclinic Orthorhombic Trigonal

29. Crystal Form

30. Habit

31. Botryoidal Geode Stalactitic Mammillary Radiating Fibrous

32. Cleavage

33. Cleavage

34. Red Arrows show where cleaveage will occur.

35. Mohs Hardness Scale 3 4 5 1 2 9 10 6 7 8

36. Mohs Hardness Scale softest 1 - Talc 2 - Gypsum 3 - Calcite 4 - Fluorite 5 - Apatite 6 - Potassium Feldspar 7 - Quartz 8 - Topaz 9 - Corundum 10 -Diamond fingernail Copper penny glass Streak plate hardest

37. Luster Metallic - metal like Vitreous - glass like Resinous - resin like Pearly - pearl like Greasy - slippery Non Metallic

38. Luster Metallic Nonmetallic

39. Color

40. Color of Streak

41. Density box of feathers box of hammers

42. Common Mineral Families Silicates (SiO4)4- Oxides O2- Carbonates (CO3)2- Sulfates (SO4)2- Phosphates (PO4)3-

43. Silicates Neosilicate Sorosilicate

44. Silicates Inosilicate Inosilicate Phylosilicate