The Civil War

1. The Civil War 1861-1865

2. Civil War, State Breakdown

3. Lincoln is Inaugurated • Question: Will Lincoln use the military to challenge the secession? • Inaugural Address: In YOUR hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in MINE, is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail YOU. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. YOU have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to "preserve, protect, and defend it." I am loathe to close. We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies. Though passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chorus of the Union when again touched, as surely they will be, by the better angels of our nature. • Assures Southerners that he does not plan on interfering with slavery • Message of Conciliation and Warning • Preserve the Union

4. Lincoln and the Executive Office • Lincoln exercised his powers as executive and Commander in Chief in unprecedented ways and without Congressional approval. • Called for the 75,000 troops • Funding for the war • Suspended the writ of habeas corpus

5. Union 85% of the Nations factories and manufactured goods 70% of the Railroads 65% of the Farmlands Confederacy Were depending on “KING COTTON”. European demand fro cotton would bring financial support and recognition, maybe even an alliance. Prospects for Victory, Economy

6. Union Well established central government Politicians had defined parties with a strong base Preserve the Union Confederacy Motivated by “independence” States’ Rights, individual states v strong central government. Strong central government was needed Hope that Northerners would give up when the war became too long and too costly. Prospects for Victory, Politics

7. Union Population 22.5 million Industrial Workers 1.3 million Factories produced nine times as many industrial goods as the South; 17 times as many cotton and woolen goods; 30 times as many boots and shoes; 20 times as much pig iron;24 times as many RR locomotives; 33 times as many firearms 800,000 immigrants Emancipation brings 180,000 African Americans Confederacy Population 9 million, only 5.5 million free. Industrial Workers 110,000 Defensive war 750,000 square miles of territory More Southerners had attended military academies including West Point Most nations that fought for independence won Experience using firearms and horses Prospects for Victory

8. Resources, Union and Confederacy

9. Confederate States of America • Constitution modeled after the Constitution of the United States Differences • Non-successive six year term • Line item veto • Denied congress the powers to levy a protective tariff and appropriate funds for internal improvements • Prohibited the foreign slave trade

10. Fort Sumter • Location: Harbor of Charleston, South Carolina • Sumter is attacked • Lincoln responds by calling on the states to provide 75,000 militia men for 90 days of service. Two times the amount volunteered. Eight states still in the Union refused to send troops while four of the eight seceded. AR, TN, NC & VA

11. Civil War, 1861-1862

12. The War, 1861-1862 • “Man was willing to die for a cause of greater value to him than life itself.” Hegel, On the French Revolution • First Battle of Bull Run, Manassas Junction, VA July 21, 1861 • As Union forces closed in on victory, General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson arrived with reinforcements and the Union forces retreated. • Realization: this war was going to take longer than originally expected.

13. The War, 1861-1862, Eastern Theater • 21 July 1861, Manassas, VA, First Battle of Bull Run, Confederates turn back Union Troops, Gen. Irvin McDowell replaced by Gen. George McClellan • Peninsula Campaign, march from Washington →Richmond May 1862, McClellan, 2½ months to go 65 miles, Johnstonstops McClellan outside Richmond • Seven Days Battle, Robert E. Lee, defeats McClellan, Union abandons the Peninsula Campaign. • McClellan Removed, Replaced by General John Pope • 29 – 30 August 1862, Second Battle of Bull Run, Pope removed. McClellan put back in Charge

14. The War, 1861-1862, Eastern Theater • 17 September 1862 Battle of Antietam, Sharpsburg Maryland, Lee invades, forced to retreat. McClellan replaced by Gen. Ambrose Burnside. 6,000 men dead or dying, 17,000 wounded. • Lincoln has the victory he needed to deliver the Emancipation Proclamation, slaves will be free in states at war with the Union as of January 1, 1863. • 13 December 1862, Battle of Fredericksburg, Fredericksburg, VA Lee defeats Burnside, crushing defeat for the Union, 13,000 casualties, 5000 casualties

15. The War, 1861-1862, Western Theater • The Mississippi River, Tennessee River and Cumberland River very important to the Western Theater. • 6-8 March 1862, Battle of Pea Ridge, Gen. Samuel Curtis v Gen. Earl Van Doran, victory in Missouri opens up Arkansas. • 6 February 1862 Battle at Fort Henry, TN on the TN River. General Ulysses S. Grant • 16 February 1862, Battle at Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland. Grant • 6 -7 April 1862, Battle of Shiloh. Grant defeats Albert Sidney Johnston, 20,000 casualties. • 25 April 1862, New Orleans captured • 6 June 1862, Memphis falls

16. The War, 1863-65

17. The War, 1863-65 • Vicksburg, Mississippi key to controlling the Mississippi River, Union must take it. • 22 May – 4 July 1863, Siege of Vicksburg, 30,000 Confederates surrender. • 1 – 3 July 1863, Battle of Gettysburg, Gettysburg, PA. Lee (75,000) invades Union territory 28 June, Gen. George Meade, Confederates suffer 28,000 casualties, retreat to Virginia • 16-20 September, Battle of Chickamauga • 23-25 November 1863, Battle of Chattanooga, Grant victorious, Early 1864 named General in Chief of all Union Armies, Army of the Potomac.

18. The War, 1863-65 • Grant puts Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in charge of the Western Theater, Sherman begins the move to Atlanta. • 15 November 1864 “March to the Sea”, Atlanta to Savannah, goal: destroy the will of the south. Sherman moves 100,000 men against 65,000 Confederates • Grant takes command of the Army of the Potomac • 5-7 May 1864 The Wilderness Campaign, Northern Virginia, Grant and Lee head to head. 18,000 casualties11,000 casualties

19. The War, 1863-65 • 7 -19 May, Spotsylvania Court House, Union Victory, Union 18,000 casualtiesConfederacy 10,000 casualties. • 3 June 1864, Cold Harbor, Confederate victory, 5,000 Confederate casualties,13,000 Union casualties • June 1864 – April 1865, Siege of Petersburg • 15-16 December 1864, Nashville, Union is now in total control. • 1 February 1865, Sherman leaves Savannah and marches to the Carolinas • Lee abandons Petersburg, heads to Richmond • 9 April 1865 Appomattox Court House, Virginia Lee surrenders.

20. Election of 1864 • People questioned whether the election would take place. • Republican Lincoln, Democrats McClellan • Republican Platform: Crush the Confederacy, Amendment to ban slavery, warned European Nations to remain neutral, assistance to veterans • Democrat Platform: Condemned the Union effort, attacked Lincoln for wartime measures, end hostilities. • Campaign: McClellan early favorite, September war looks good for the Union

21. Results, Election of 1864

22. The First Modern War • Technology • Public Sentiment • Mobilizing Resources

23. The First Modern War, Technology • Weapons created by the industrial revolution • First major conflict in which the railroad was used to transport troops and supplies. • Railroad junctions become prime targets • Monitor(U) v Merrimac(C) Ironclad superiority • Telegraph • Observation Balloons • Submarines • Musket replaced by the rifle

24. The First Modern War, Technology • The rifle changed the nature of military combat • More emphasis placed on heavy fortifications • Trenches • Advantage often held by those on the defensive

25. The First Modern War, The Public • Public opinion was important, both the Union and Confederacy used propaganda. Drawings, music, and pamphlets • War correspondents, Newspapers, Photographers- bring the war home.

26. The First Modern War, The Public

27. The First Modern War, The Public

28. The First Modern War, Mobilization • The Union and the Confederacy were unprepared. • Both sides lacked a national bank, tax system capable of raising sufficient capital to fund the war, accurate maps of the southern states. • Trouble purchasing and distributing the food, weapons and supplies to the troops. Eventually the Union will figure this out.

29. The First Modern War, Mobilization • Confederacy suffered from shortages of food, uniforms, and shoes. • Union generals accustomed to leading small bands of professional soldiers had difficulty managing the large numbers of untrained soldiers • Union Generals were too focused on capturing Richmond • Union raised money by raising the tariff, placed taxes on the production and consumption of goods

30. The First Modern War, Mobilization • Union raised money by raising the tariff, placed taxes on the production and consumption of goods • Sold interest-bearing bonds, $2 billion • Greenbacks $400 million “legal tender” • Homestead Act- promoted frontier settlement • Land Grant College Act • Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads • Prosperity in the North • Confederacy banked on “Cotton Diplomacy” • States’ Rights stood in the way of a united Confederacy

31. Civil War, Settling of the Frontier • Homestead Act- promoted the settlement of the Great Plains 160 acres of public land free to whatever person or family would farm that land for at least five years • Morrill Land Grant Act use the sale of federal lands to maintain agricultural and technical colleges • Pacific Railway Act authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route

32. Civil War Results-Lasting Effects • Civil Liberties – Habeus Corpus, • Conscription Act 1863 • States’ Rights Arguments ceased to be major issues • Northerners Dominate the political scene • Economic Changes • War Bonds $2.6 Billion • Morril Tariff • $430 million in greenbacks, inflation • Modern industrial economy

33. Reconstruction • How would the South rebuild its economy and society after the four years of war? • What should the role of government be in helping the 4 million slaves integrate into society? • How should the confederate states be handled?

34. Lincoln’s Plan Oath of allegiance to the Union and the Constitution Accept the Emancipation of slaves State governments would be accepted as legitimate by the President as long as 10% of the voters took loyalty votes Each state would have to rewrite their constitutions and eliminate slavery Johnson’s Plan Disenfranchisement of all former leaders of the Confederacy Disenfranchisement of all Confederates with $20,000 or more dollars in taxable property Johnson made use of his power to pardon. States had to revoke their ordinances of secession States had to ratify the XIII amendment The 11 states had complied with the requirements of reconstruction. Reconstruction

35. Reconstruction Congressional Republicans were angered by • Former confederates holding elective office • The Southern implementation of the Black Codes.

36. Allowed former slaves to: marry fellow blacks Own personal property Sue and be sued Required former slaves to buy a license to work a craft Arrest and fine unemployed blacks Allowed for employers to pay the fines of unemployed blacks in exchange for labor Forbade former slaves to Serve on juries Vote Carry weapons without a license Hold public office Own land Travel without a permit Contract labor Reconstruction, Black Codes

37. Reconstruction, Reconstruction Acts • Except for TN, ratified XIV Amendment, the other ten state governments were declared illegal • Ten states were divided into five military districts • The army could use force to maintain the peace and protect civil rights • Each state had to call a convention and write a new constitution, members of the convention were elected by all males, constitutions had to guarantee suffrage to African-American males former Confederate officers were not allowed to participate. • States had to ratify the XIV Amendment • Voters in each state had to approve of their new constitution

38. Reconstruction Civil Rights Act of 1866, XIV and XV Civil Rights Act- African-Americans given the right to testify in court, own land, make contracts and exercise all the rights of white Americans XIV • All persons born in the United States were naturalized citizens. • States were forbidden from denying a person their rights without due process of law. • All citizens were to enjoy equal protection under the law. • States would lose representation in Congress in proportion to the number of citizens denied the right to vote • Former Confederate officials could not hold office unless pardoned by 2/3 of Congress • Confederate debts would not be paid • Former slave owners could not sue for the value of lost slaves XV • Could not deny anyone the right to vote based on race, color or previous condition of servitude

39. Reconstruction • Freedmen’s Bureau, provided food, shelter, medical aid, 3000 schools and legal help • Tenure of Office Act 1867, required the President to get Congressional approval for removing any Federal official including cabinet members. Johnson vetoed, Congress overrode the veto. Johnson removes Stanton, congress impeaches Johnson

40. Election of 1868 • Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant, party supported black suffrage in the South, favored radical reconstruction, and encouraged immigration and naturalization • Democrats nominated Horatio Seymour, party supported amnesty for rebels, dismantling of Radical Reconstruction, supported naturalization, use of greenbacks to redeem government bonds

41. Election of 1868, campaign • Grant- didn’t campaign, theme, “Let us have peace.” “Bloody Shirt” Democrats were the party of secession and treason. Grant, war hero • Seymour’s VP candidate Francis Blair campaigned actively

42. Election of 1868, Results

43. Election of 1872 • Republicans nominated Grant, platform denounced discrimination, hard money, expand foreign trade and shipbuilding • Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley of NY, denounced the corruption of the Grant Administration, reform Civil Service, amnesty to former confederates, one term presidency, restoration of home rule in the southern states. • Democrats endorsed Greeley, failed to produce their own candidate

44. Election of 1872, Campaign • Scandal, question over who was better fit to run the country. • Greeley died after election day, electoral votes ended up being distributed to 4 men.

45. Election of 1872, Results

46. Grant Administration • September 24, 1869, Black Friday • James Fisk and Jay Gould try to corner the gold market, use Grant’s brother-in-law, Abel R. Corbin to gain influence 2. Credit Mobilier • Holding company skimmed off the profits of the federally subsidized Union Pacific Railroad. • When the investors learned that they may be investigated they sold shares in the company to members of congress at a substantial discount.

47. Grant Administration 3. Delinquent Tax Scandal • Treasury Sec., William Richardson allowed John D. Sanborn to collect delinquent taxes. • Sanborn was allowed to keep 50% of the revenue he collected, which totaled $400,000 4. Whiskey Ring • Federal officials and hundreds of distillers diverted millions of dollars in tax revenue into their own pockets. • Grant calls on prosecutors to “let no guilty man escape”. When Orville Babcock is implicated, Grant steps in, Personal Secretary

48. Grant Administration 5. Belknap bribery • War Secretary took kickbacks from traders at Indian posts. Payments went to his wife then to him. 6. Tweed Ring, $200 million from New York tax payers. Democratic party boss. Grant’s administration, marred by scandal • Grant continued with reconstruction, 1872 dismantled the Freedmen’s bureau. • Threatened the use of force against the Ku Klux Klan • Civil Rights Act of 1875, declared unconstitutional 1883

49. Election of 1876 • Republicans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio. Platform permanent pacification of the south, opposed federal subsidies to Catholic or other sectarian schools, land grants to railroads or other corporations, vowed to eradicate polygamy. • Democrats nominated Samuel Tilden, NY. Platform promised an honest and efficient government, tariff reform, restrict Oriental immigration. Opposed land grants to railroads

50. Election of 1876, Campaign • Tilden supporters criticized the Republicans for the corruption of the Grant administration. • Hayes supporters waived the Bloody Shirt • Grant’s corruption, Tilden’s record against the Tweed Ring, and white control of the south should have meant victory for Tilden, but Colorado (1876)