November 17, 2008

1. November 17, 2008 Agenda: Correct Quiz Chapter 7 Notes

2. Geography and Indian Life • India is a subcontinent, which is a large landmass that is like a continent, only smaller. • Subcontinent includes: • Bangladesh • Bhutan • India • Nepal • Most of Pakistan • Often referred to as South Asia

3. Himalayas

4. Mount Everest • Mount Everest is the world’s tallest mountain. • Located in the Himalayas Mountain range in Nepal. • 29, 029 feet above sea level.

6. Major Rivers • Ganges and Indus Rivers carry water for irrigation . • The silt they deposit makes the land fertile. • The Indus River Valley was the home of the first Indian civilization.

7. Ganges River • Most sacred river in India. • Hindu belief holds that bathing in the Ganges river (especially on certain occasions) causes the forgiveness of sins and helps attain salvation.

8. Ganges River

9. Climate • The tall mountains help block cold north winds. • Temperatures are generally warm. • Seasonal winds called monsoons shape India’s climate. • Because of the monsoon, India has a dry season in the winter and a rainy season in the summer. • Summer rains • Help crops • Cause severe flooding

10. National Geographic • Mouse Rides Frog in India Monsoon

11. Cities in the Indus Valley • History in the Indus River Valley followed the same pattern as in Sumer and Egypt. • Civilizations along major rivers began with agriculture • Wheat and Barley • Growing cotton • They domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens. • They also learned how to make copper and bronze tools • They traded with one another over time, which helped them to develop a more complex culture.

12. Great Cities • The Indus and Saraswati valleys contained hundreds of cities. • At least 35,000 people may have lived in the largest and best-known cities, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. • Harappa gave its name to the entire Indus River culture. • Today the ancient culture is called Harappan civilization.

13. Harappan Civilizations • Harappan Civilizations featured planned cities, which were cities that were built according to design. • Heavy brick protective walls • City streets crossed each other in a neat grid with square corners • Along streets were homes, shops, and factories • Large public buildings

14. Dealing with Problems • Human waste • Harappan cities were very advanced in that area • Almost every house contained a bathroom and a toilet. • Underground sewers carried away the waste. • Historians believe the ancient Harappans must have had powerful leaders because the cities were planned out and well organized.

15. Assignment • In your notebook you are going to create your own city. • City must have: • Streets • Shops • Factories • Sewage system • Place for religious worship • School

16. Harappan Culture • Writing covered stone seals that found in the ruined cities. • Some scholars think that the 500 pictographs, or picture signs, of Harappan writing may stand for words, sounds, or both. • No one really knows what they mean… • What we do know about the Harappan culture has been learned through artifacts.

18. Harappan Religion • No temples for any specific gods have been discovered. • But they did find evidence of religion. • Mohenjo Daro had a huge public bath that may have been used for religious rituals. • Archeologists have found figures of animals, such as bulls, that Indians still regard as holy.

19. A Widespread and Prosperous Culture • Harappan cities spread across an area that was about 500,000 square miles in size. • Nearly twice the size of Texas • Cities shared common design. • There culture had spread. • Harappan people used standard weights and measures during trade. • Made bronze statues and clay toys • Showed that Harappan’s could afford to have more than just basic necessities. • Indians traded timber, ivory, and beads • Mesopotamians sold the Indians silver, tin, and woolen cloth.

20. Challenges to Harappan Life • Around 2000-1500 B.C., earthquakes shook the region. These quakes probably caused the Saraswati River to dry up. • The same natural disaster may have caused the Indus River to flood. • People force to leave homes • Civilization declined

21. November 18, 2008The Origins of Hinduism Agenda: Review Chapter 7 sec 1 Number 1-5 Chapter 7 sec 2 notes Homework

22. Review • 1.) What mountain range helps to block cold air from entering India? • 2.) What is a subcontinent? • 3.) Seasonal winds are called? • 4.) Name the tallest mountain in the world? • 5.) The Harappan people used standard weights and measures during____________.

23. Please Answer • Imagine that when you woke up this morning your parents told you that you were not allowed to go to school, but instead of school you went to work. Your job now consisted of cleaning the streets with a broom (or shovel depending on the weather). You were not allowed to talk to anyone and nobody was allowed to talk to you. The only people you could socialize with were other street sweepers. • In your notebook write down how you would feel if this happened to you. • Also, write down two things you would do in order to change your situation. Be ready to read your response to the class.

24. The Aryan Migration • In about 1500 B.C., the Aryans traveled east into India. • They had to cross the Hindu Kush Mountain Range • Hindu Kush Mountains, Pakistan - Picture - MSN Encarta • In contrast to the city-dwelling Harrapans the Aryans were herders. • Aryans lived in simple houses and spoke Indo-European language called Sanskrit.

25. The Aryan Migration • H

26. The Aryan Migration • Did Aryan warriors in chariots conquer the walled cities and force the Harappans to flee south? • For years history books have told us that the Aryans conquered the Harappan civilization. • Historians believe that the Harappan cities were destroyed approximately 200 years before the Aryans arrived. • The cities were believed to have been destroyed by earthquakes and floods.

27. Changes in Indian Life • The Aryans entered India gradually. • They practiced mysterious religion that appealed to many Dravidians. • Dravidians people who lived in India at the time when the Aryans arrived. • Dravidians taught Aryans about city life and Aryans taught their religion and language. • Ideas were shared and cultures blended.

28. The Caste System • Aryan society was organized into classes: warriors, priests, and commoners. • As Indian society grew more complex, these classes developed into what was later called the caste system. • A caste is a social class whose members are identified by their job. • Mainly four groups of people.

29. The Caste System • After many centuries, another group came into being that was considered below all other groups. • This group was called the untouchables. • They had the jobs nobody else wanted. • ABC News: India Untouchables Find Bias Hard to Shake

31. Aryan Beliefs and Brahmanism • Early religion of the Aryans is now called Brahmanism, after the name of the Aryan Priests, or Brahmins. • The Aryans worshipped many nature deities. • The Brahmins made sacrifices to those deities by offering animals to a sacred fire. • As time passed, Indians began to question how theworld came into being. • Religion changed • One spirit governed the universe. • Wrote an epic poem called the Mahabharata and the Bhagavad Gita

32. Hinduism • The Bhagavad Gita is an important sacred text of Hinduism. • Hinduism is the modern name for the major religion of India, which grew out of early Brahmanism.

33. Many Deities • Hindus worship many deities. • Hindus recognize one supreme God or life force. • Hindus consider the other deities to be parts of the one universal God. • The three most important deities are: • Brahma – the creator • Vishnu – the protector • Shiva – the destroyer

34. Good or Bad • If your friends were to describe your character would they say you were a person of good character or would they say you’re a person of poor character? • Please write your answer in your notebook.

35. Many Lives • Hindus believe in reincarnation, which means that each person has many lives. • What a person does in each life determines what he or she will be in the next life, according to a doctrine called Karma. • Deeds (good or evil) cause a person to be reborn in a higher or lower life form. • Many Hindus are vegetarians • Reincarnation creates a repeating cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth. The cycle only ends when a person achieves a mystical union with God. • To achieve that, a person must come to realize that his or her soul and God’s soul are one.

37. Homework • Read chapter 7 section 2 pages 226-231 • Complete handout.

38. November 19, 2008 Agenda: Collect Homework Chapter 7 sec 3 Notes Read pages 233-236 Open Book Test Monday

39. Buddhism and India’s Golden Age • Jainism is another religion from India. • Jains teach ahimsa which means nonviolence. • Jains practice ahimsa very strictly. • Every living thing has a soul and should not be hurt.

40. The Rise of Buddhism

41. Buddhism • Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama. • Prince • Gave up his wealth • Position of power • To find the meaning of life • Taught what he had learned, he was called Buddha, or enlightened one.

42. Buddha’s Life • For 6 years Siddartha starved himself. • Looking for answers • Sat under a fig tree and meditated until he found understanding. • Four Noble Truths • 1.) People suffer because their minds are not at ease • 2.) That condition comes from wanting what one doesn’t have or from wanting life to be different. • 3.) People can stop suffering by not wanting. • 4.) People can stop wanting by following the Eightfold Path

43. November 21, 2008 Agenda: Channel One Quiz Number your paper 1-10 Staple your notes Chapter 7 sec 3 and 4 notes Open Book Test Monday

44. Eightfold Path • Right Opinions, desires, speech, actions, job, effort, concentration, and meditation. • This path, the Buddha taught, could lead to nirvana, or the end of suffering. • Reaching nirvana broke the cycle of reincarnation that Buddhists, as well as Hindus, believed in. • Buddha also rejected the idea that people in the upper castes were holier than others.

45. Buddhism • Over time, Buddhism split: • Being a monk and studying the Buddha’s life. • Meditation • Acts of Mercy • Most people worshiped the Buddha as a divine being.

46. The Maurya Empire • One reason Buddhism became so influential is that a famous Indian king ruled by its teachings. • For centuries, separate Aryan kingdoms battled each other. • Around 550 B.C., Magadha a northeastern kingdom, began to gain strength. • About 321 B.C., Chandragupta Maurya became king of Magadha. • He conquered much territory • His Maurya Empire soon covered much of the subcontinent.

47. A United India • Chandragupta controlled his empire by using spies to learn what people did and an army of soldiers to keep spies. • Many officials ran the government • Tax land and crops heavily • Legend says that later Chandragupta became a nonviolent Jainist monk at the end of his life.

48. Asoka, the Buddhist King • The greatest Maurya king was Chandragupta’s grandson Asoka, who began to rule in 269 B.C. • Early in Asoka’s reign, he fought a bloody war and conquered a neighboring kingdom. • Buddhist teachings • Gave up constant warfare • Decided to rule peacefully

49. Asoka’s Policies • Asoka had his policies carved on rocks and pillars. • Rocks that survive from his reign advise people to be truthful and kind. • Others urge people not to kill living things.

50. Asoka • Buddhism attracted people to its monastic order. • Buddhist rulers who followed Asoka sent missionaries to bring new converts to Buddhism. • The rulers also allowed people to worship other religions freely. • Asoka’s officials planted trees, dug wells, set up hospitals, and built rest houses along main roads. • These improvements allowed people to travel in more comfort than before.